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HUMAN BODY ORIENTATION > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Study

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

study of how the body and its parts work or function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

A

Anatomy

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4
Q

• Very small structures
• Can only be viewed with a microscope

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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5
Q

• Large structures
• Easily observable

A

Gross Anatomy

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6
Q

Levels of Study

A

Anatomy

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7
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cellular Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System Level
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8
Q

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

A

Posterior (Dorsal)

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9
Q

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

A

Anterior (Ventral)

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10
Q

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

A

Inferior (Caudal)

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11
Q

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

A

Superior (Cranial or Cephalad)

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12
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS

A

Lung
Liver
Heart
Diaphragm
Spleen
Stomach
Small intestine
Large Intestine (colon)
Rectum

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13
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

Right hypochondriac region
Right Lumbar region
Right Iliac Region
Epigastric Region
Umbilical Region
Hypogastric Region
Left hypochondriac region
Left Lumbar region
Left Iliac Region

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14
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant

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15
Q

Ventral Body Cavities

A

Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity

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16
Q

Dorsal Body Cavities

A

Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity

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17
Q

Body Cavities

A

Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity

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18
Q

The Three-Body Planes

A

Midsagittal (Median)
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane

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19
Q

What are the two body landmarks?

A

Anterior and Posterior

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20
Q

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Proximal

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21
Q

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

A

Intermediate

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22
Q

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

A

Lateral

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23
Q

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

A

Medial

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24
Q

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:

A

• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures

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25
The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology
26
__________________ is used to prevent misunderstanding.
Special terminology
27
• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
• Positive feedback
28
• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat
• Negative feedback
29
TYPES OF FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
• Negative feedback • Positive feedback
30
• Provides a means for response to the stimulus
• Effector
31
• Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response
• Control center
32
• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center
Receptor
33
Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
• Receptor • Control center • Effector
34
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Maintaining Homeostasis
35
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
a dynamic state of equilibrium
36
_____________ must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life.
Homeostasis
37
a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Homeostatic imbalance
38
• 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction
Water
39
Required for chemical reactions
Oxygen
40
• Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Nutrients
41
What are the 5 Survival needs?
• Nutrients • Oxygen • Water • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
42
• Increasing of cell size and number
Growth
43
• Production of future generation
Reproduction
44
chemical reactions within the body • Production of energy • Making body structures
Metabolism
45
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
• Digestion
46
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Responsiveness
47
• Locomotion • Movement of substances
Movement
48
What are the Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries • Movement • Responsiveness • Digestion • Metabolism • Respiration • Excretion • Reproduction • Respiration • Growth
49
• Production of offspring
• Reproductive
50
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulates water and electrolytes
Urinary
51
• Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material
Digestive
52
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide
• Respiratory System
53
• Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity
Lymphatic System
54
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes
Cardiovascular System
55
• Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism
• Endocrine System
56
• Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands
• Nervous System
57
• Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat
Muscular
58
Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores mineral
Skeletal
59
Forms the external body covering, Protects deeper tissue from injury, Synthesizes vitamin D, Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
• Integumentary
60
An Orientation
The Human Body

HUMAN BODY ORIENTATION (2 decks)

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