Chapter 1 Flashcards
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that retains its unique chemical characteristics
Molecule
A collection of atoms chemically bonded together in fixed proportions and arrangement
Chemistry
The science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for a set of observations
Scientific law
A statement that summarizes last observations and predicts future ones
Scientific theory
A general explanation of widely observed phenomena that has been extensively tested
Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier)
In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed so mass stays constant
Dalton’s atomic theory
Matter is composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms which are rearranged in a chemical reaction.
Application of scientific method 1
What is the hypothesis underlying the situation?
Application of scientific method 2
How could you evaluate the hypothesis?
Application of scientific method 3
What types of observations or data might you expect?
Application of scientific method 4
How might you modify your experiments if the data doesn’t modify your experiments if the data doesn’t support the hypothesis?
Gas
Volume and shape are variable
Solid
Volume and shape are fixed
Liquid
Volume is fixed but shape is variable
Crystalline
Solid with atoms or molecules arranged in patterns with a long-range, repeating order
Amorphous
Solid with no long-range, repeating order of its atoms or molecules
Pure substance
Only one chemical
Element
Only one kind of atom
Compound
2 or more elements bonded together in a fixed composition
Mixture
2 or more chemicals
Homogeneous
Uniform composition
Heterogeneous
Non-uniform composition
Decanting
Method of pouring immiscible liquids by pouring the top layer into another container
Distillation
Process which mixtures are heated to boil off the volatile liquid which is recondensed into a separate container
Volatile
Tending to vaporize easily
Filtration
Pour mixture through filter paper or some other porous membrane layer to filter
Physical changes
Alter state or appearance
Chemical changes
Alter state of matter
Physical properties
Displays without changing its composition
Chemical properties
Property that a substance- displays only by changing its composition via chemical change
Energy
Capacity to do work
Work
Action of a force through a distance
Kinetic energy
Energy associated with motion
Potential energy
Energy associated with position and composition
Thermal energy
Energy associated with temperature of an object
Law of conservation of energy
Energy can’t be created nor destroyed
