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Organic Chem - 231 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

The study of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

Where are organic compounds obtained?

A

From living systems

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3
Q

Where are inorganic compounds obtained?

A

From non-living systems

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4
Q

Empirical formula

A

Lowest whole number ration of elements in a compound

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5
Q

Molecular Formula

A

The actual number of elements in a compound

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6
Q

Carbon

A
  • Tetravalent: forms 4 bonds
  • Can only form single, double, and triple bonds and branched systems
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7
Q

Oxygen

A
  • Divalent: forms 2 bonds
  • Can only form single bonds in a chain
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8
Q

Hydrogen

A

Monovalent: only forms one bond

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9
Q

Pauli’s exclusion principle

A

Only two electrons are allowed to occupy a single orbital and must have opposite spins

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10
Q

Aufbau principle

A

Each successive electron must fill the lowest orbital available

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11
Q

Hund’s Rule

A

Before the second electron can be paired in the same orbital, all other orbitals at the same energy must contain a single electron

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12
Q

Octet Rule

A

Eight electron equivalent in the outer shell of the atom

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13
Q

Ionic bonds

A
  • Non-metal and metal bond
  • No sharing of electrons
  • Transfer of electrons
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14
Q

Covalent Bonds

A
  • Nonmetal and nonmetal
  • Sharing electrons
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15
Q

Electronegativity

A

Ability to attract and hold electrons

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16
Q

Ionization Energy

A

The amount of energy it takes to take one electron away from an atom

17
Q

What part of a Lewis structure has the lowest electronegativity?

A

The central atom of a Lewis structure has the lowest electronegativity number

18
Q

How many bonds can Carbon make?

A

Carbon can only make 4 bonds

19
Q

C-C single bond

A
  • Angle 109.5
  • Tetrahedral
  • Saturated
  • 3-D
  • Sigma bond
20
Q

C=C, Double bond

A
  • Angle 120
  • Trigonal Planar
  • Unsaturated
  • 2-D
  • Sigma & pi bond
21
Q

C—C, Triple bond

A
  • Angle 180
  • Linear
  • Unsaturated
  • Sigma & 2 pi bonds
22
Q

What bond is created when Halogens and Hydrogen first bond?

A

Sigma bond is the first bond created

23
Q

What bond is formed second, after the initial sigma bond?

A

Pi bond is the bond created after the sigma bond

24
Q

What is the equation for formal charge?

A

Valence electrons - the number of electrons after bonding = formal charge

25
Q

To be a resonance structure, what must a Lewis structure contain?

A

A residence structure must have pi bonds and lone pairs.

26
Q

What can/do resonance structures do?

A

Residence structures can delocalize the charge and they stabilize a molecule

27
Q

What are resonance structures?

A

Resonance structures are variations of the best Lewis structure. They change the location of the double bond(s) within the structure. Because of the movement of the bond the molecule is stable.

28
Q

What are the exceptions to the octet rule?

A

P and S can have an expanded octet.
B and Al can have less than 8 electrons in their outer shells when bonding.

29
Q

What is hybridization for?

A

In order to form sigma bonds you need every single bonding electron to have their own orbital at the same energy level, hybridization allows for this to happen.

30
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

Systems that have differences in electronegativity

31
Q

What is a dipole moment?

A

The direction of the dipole moment is toward the atom with the high electronegativity.

32
Q

What are the types of formulas?

A

Structural, Condensed, and Skeletal

33
Q

What is a Constitutional formula isomer?

A

It is an isomer with the same molecular formula but with different connectivity

34
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

It is an isomer with the same molecular formula, but with a different orientation in space

35
Q

What is a Geometric isomer?

A

It is an isomer with the same molecular formula, but with different geometry.

Organic Chem - 231 (2 decks)

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