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Intro to Networking > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a device that is hooked up to the internet called?

A

A host, an end system

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2
Q

What is the thing that data travels through to get to another system in the internet chain called (i.e. wires, optical fibers, radio spectrums, etc.)?

A

A communication link

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3
Q

What are packages of information (info + data) that are transmitted over the internet called (think about them like trucks moving cargo)

A

packets

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4
Q

What are the things called that act like roundabouts or post offices, receiving packets and then forwarding them on to another destination

A

packet switches

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5
Q

What are two types of packet switches?

A

Routers and link-layer switches

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6
Q

What are the ISPs called that have high-speeds and serve national and international connections?

A

Upper-tier ISPs

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7
Q

What are the ISPs called that are local, have slower speeds, and are connected to upper-tier ISPs?

A

lower-tier ISPs

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8
Q

What are the two most important internet protocols called?

A

TCP and IP

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9
Q

What does TCP stand for?

A

Transmission Control Protocol

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10
Q

What does IP stand for?

A

Internet Protocol

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11
Q

What group invents the standards for the internet?

A

The IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force)

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12
Q

What are the IETF’s standards documents called?

A

RFCs (Requests for Comments)

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13
Q

What body sets standards for network components like network links, ethernet, and WiFi?

A

The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

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14
Q

What is a set of rules that the sending program must follow so that the Internet can deliver the data to the destination program called?

A

A socket interface

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15
Q

What is another word for a host?

A

An end system

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16
Q

What two categories can hosts be divided into?

A

clients and servers

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17
Q

Where on the network are hosts located?

A

The network edge

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18
Q

What are the buildings called where large groups of servers reside?

A

data centers

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19
Q

What is AWS?

A

Amazon Web Services (a cloud)

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20
Q

What are the hosts in data centers called?

A

blades

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21
Q

What are 3 things that blades typically have/are composed of?

A

CPU, memory, disk storage

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22
Q

What are blades stacked in?

A

Racks

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23
Q

What is a network that physically connects and end system to the first router called?

A

An access network

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24
Q

What is another term for a “first router”?

A

an edge router

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25
Q

What are the two most common types of broadband residential access today?

A

DSL and cable

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26
Q

What does DSL stand for?

A

digital subscriber line

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27
Q

What non-computing device also is used on DSL?

A

the telephone line

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28
Q

What takes digital data and translates it into high-frequency tones that are then transmitted over telephone wires?

A

a DSL modem

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29
Q

What translates the high-frequency signals sent from a DSL modem back into digital data?

A

DSLAM (digital subscriber line access multiplexer)

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30
Q

How can one phone line carry data over what looks like 3 separate links?

A

Dividing transferred data into 3 frequency categories:

  1. High Speed
  2. Medium Speed
  3. Low Speed
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31
Q

What does CO stand for?

A

Central Office

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32
Q

What is it called when upstream transfer rates (host to ISP) and downstream transfer rates (ISP to host) of data are different?

A

asymmetric

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33
Q

What 4 things limit the speed of a DSL service?

A
  1. Service Level you pay for
  2. Physical distance from home to CO (max 10 miles)
  3. Gauge of the line
  4. Electrical inteference
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34
Q

What does cable internet access share a line with?

A

cable TV

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35
Q

Cable typically uses a hybrid system. What two mediums does it typically use?

A

fiber optic cable and coaxial cable

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36
Q

What are the modems used for cable access called?

A

cable modems

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37
Q

What kind of port does a cable modem typically connect through?

A

an ethernet port

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38
Q

What are two big downsides to cable access?

A

traffic jams and collisions

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39
Q

What is an up-and-coming tech that has higher speeds than cable and DSL?

A

Fiber to the home (FTTH)

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40
Q

What does AON stand for?

A

Active Optical Network

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41
Q

What does PON stand for?

A

Passive Optical Network

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42
Q

What does ONT stand for?

A

Optical Network Terminator

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43
Q

What is an upside to 5G fixed wireless?

A

No cables required. Everything uses through beam-forming tech

44
Q

What is another name for IEEE 802.11 technology?

A

WiFi

45
Q

How are computer bits sent through physical mediums over the internet? In what two forms?

A

Electromagnetic waves or optical pulses

46
Q

What are the two basic types of physical media?

A
  1. Guided media (cables)

2. Unguided media (waves in atmosphere)

47
Q

What is the least expensive type of guided transmission medium?

A

Copper wire (twisted pair)

48
Q

How fast can twisted pair copper wire get?

A

Up to 10 Gbps for distances of up to 100m

49
Q

True or False: coaxial cable be used as a guided shared medium?

A

True

50
Q

What is the preferred type of physical medium for long-haul guided transmission, particularly for overseas links?

A

fiber optics

51
Q

What are fiber optics immune to?

A

electromagnetic interference

52
Q

True or False: Fiber optic cables are easy to tap

A

False

53
Q

Which can transfer bits at faster rates: copper wires or fiber optics?

A

fiber optics

54
Q

What is the loss of strength in a radio signal as it travels over a distance and around/through obstructing objects called?

A

Path loss and shadow fading

55
Q

What is the loss of radio signal strength due to signal reflection off of interfering objects called?

A

multipath fading

56
Q

What are two types of satellites used in communications?

A
  1. Geostationary satellites

2. low-earth orbiting satellites (LEOs)

57
Q

Which satellite type is closer to earth? Geostationary satellites or LEOs?

A

LEO

58
Q

What is the name given to the mesh of packet switches and links that interconnects the internet’s end systems?

A

the network core

59
Q

What are long messages broken into smaller chunks of data called?

A

packets

60
Q

What types of system is it that requires the entire packet be received before it can begin to transmit the first bit of the packet onto the outbound link?

A

store-and-forward transmission

61
Q

What happens when an incoming packet encounters a full queue at a store-and-forward based packet switch?

A

packet loss

62
Q

What is the list of destination addresses a router uses to decide which outbound link to forward packets called?

A

a forwarding table

63
Q

What are the two fundamental approaches to moving data through a network called?

A
  1. circuit switching

2. packet switching

64
Q

Which system, circuit switching or packet switching, reserves resources needed to provide all the communication between end system?

A

circuit switching

65
Q

When a frequency is divided for multiplexing, what is the resulting piece of frequency called?

A

bandwidth

66
Q

What are two types of multiplexing?

A
  1. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

2. time-division multiplexing (TDM)

67
Q

What is one downside to circuit switching?

A

When lines aren’t being used, they are idle (silent periods), so essentially resources are being wasted/underutilized.

68
Q

What is a downside of packet switching?

A

delays in queueing can make it hard to make phone calls or video calls

69
Q

Which is cheaper: packet switching or circuit switching?

A

packet switching

70
Q

Is the trend headed towards more packet switching or more circuit switching?

A

More packet switching.

71
Q

What phrase describes the way in which ISPs connect to other ISPs so that any end user can connect with any other end user or content provider.

A

“a network of networks”

72
Q

What does PoP stand for?

A

point(s) of presence

73
Q

What does IXP stand for?

A

internet exchange point

74
Q

What is a group of routers at the same location in a provider’s network that allow customer ISPs to connect into the provider ISP called?

A

PoP

75
Q

What is multihoming?

A

connecting to more than one regional or tier-1 ISP (ensures service in the case of a provider failure)

76
Q

How can ISPs cut costs?

A

By peering. They connect directly to each other and then don’t have to pay for internet traffic that would have been routed through a provider ISP

77
Q

What is a meeting point where multiple ISPs can peer together called? It typically is a stand-alone building with its own switches.

A

An IXP

78
Q

What is a term that describes that amount of data that can be transferred?

A

throughput

79
Q

What types of delays make up total nodal delay?

A
  1. Nodal processing delay
  2. Queuing delay
  3. Transmission Delay
  4. Propagation Delay
80
Q

Delay type caused by examining the packet’s header and determining where to direct the packet and check for bit-level errors.

A

Processing Delay

81
Q

Delay type caused by waiting in line to be transmitted (other packets arrived ahead of you that need to be processed first)

A

Queuing Delay

82
Q

Delay caused by the amount of time needed to push all of a packet’s bits into a link

A

Transmission Delay

83
Q

Type of delay caused by the time required to move the physical distance from point a to b through a medium

A

Propagation Delay

84
Q

Design your system so that the traffic intensity is no greater than ____

A

1

85
Q

Where does total nodal delay take place?

A

At one router (and traveling to the next)

86
Q

What is the delay called that encompasses the total delays accrued from the source to the final destination in a network?

A

End-to-End Delay

87
Q

What is the rate (in bits per second) at which Host B is receiving a file?

A

instantaneous throughput

88
Q

What are the five layers of the internet protocol stack?

A
  1. Application
  2. Transport
  3. Network
  4. Link
  5. Physical
89
Q

What is a transport-layer packet called?

A

a segment

90
Q

When it comes to TCP and UDP, which one gives congestion control and has transmission throttles?

A

TCP

91
Q

What are network layer packets known as?

A

datagrams

92
Q

What is the Network Layer also commonly called?

A

The IP layer

93
Q

What are link layer packets also called?

A

frames

94
Q

Do routers and link-layer switches implement all 5 layers of the protocol stack?

A

No (typically 2-3 layers)

95
Q

Give the four terms used when a message goes through encapsulation from a host to destination

A
  1. application layer message
  2. transport layer segment
  3. network layer datagram
  4. link-layer frame
96
Q

What is the group of data that is encapsulated by the next layer referred to as?

A

a payload field

97
Q

What is the general term given to bad stuff that can enter and infect our devices?

A

Malware

98
Q

What is a networks of hundreds or thousands of similarly compromised devices that distribute spam or DoS attacks called?

A

A botnet

99
Q

What is a type of malware that can spread itself from one system to another called?

A

self-replicating

100
Q

What are 3 types of DoS attacks?

A
  1. Vulnerability attacks
  2. Bandwidth flooding
  3. Connection flooding
101
Q

If a DoS attack from a single system is detected it can be blocked. To get around this, many attacks are of what type?

A

DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service)

102
Q

What is a passive receiver that records a copy of every packet that flies by called?

A

a packet sniffer

103
Q

True of False: Only wireless connections are susceptible to sniffing?

A

False. Ethernet, cable, and broadcast packets are also vulnerable, as are routers and links.

104
Q

What is one of the best defenses when it comes to sniffing?

A

Cryptography

105
Q

What is injecting packets into the internet with a false source address called?

A

IP spoofing

106
Q

What is a mechanism that allows us to determine with certainty that a message originates from where we think it does called?

A

end-point authentication

107
Q

What is a reason the internet is so insecure?

A

Because its original design was for it to be used by mutually trusting users with no need for security.

Intro to Networking (1 decks)

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