Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define Accuracy
The degree of agreement between a measured value of a physical quantity and the actual or true value for the quantity
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy is the degree of agreement between a measured value of a physical quantity and the actual or true value for that quantity. Precision is the degree to which repeated measurements of a physical quantity made by the same method give the same value.
How does increasing the pressure on a compressible material affect the density?
Increasing the pressure on a compressible material increases the density.
How does increasing the temperature of a material affect the density?
Increasing the temperature of a material decreases its density
How does increasing the temperature of water from below 0oC to above 0oC affect the density?
The density of water increases as the temperature is increased from below 0°C.
List the five states of matter in order of increasing particulate movement.
Superfluid, solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
What is the physical difference between a liquid and a gas?
A liquid has a fixed volume but a variable shape. A gas has no fixed shape or volume.
What are the terms for the following transitions: (a) gas to solid, (b) solid to gas, (c) solid to liquid, (d) liquid to gas, (e) gas to plasma, (f) gas to liquid.
(a) Deposition, (b) sublimation, (c) melting, (d) vaporization, (e) ionization, (f) condensation.
(a) What four states of matter are considered to be fluids? (b) Why?
(a) Liquids, gases, plasmas, and superfluids, (b) they all will continually flow under an applied shear stress.
The boiling point of a pure liquid increases or decreases with:(a)increasing pressure,(b) increasing altitude?
(a) increases, (b) decreases.
At what temperature and pressure does a supercritical fluid exist?
At temperatures and pressures above the critical point.
What is the triple point of a substance?
The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist.
What is the difference between a crystalline solid and an amorphous solid?
Crystalline solids have a long-range highly ordered three-dimensional arrangements of the atoms or molecules. Amorphous solids lack this highly ordered long-range
(a) The elements are divided into what three categories? (b) Most elements fall into which category?
(a) Metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, (b) Most elements are classified as metals.
What is the difference between an organic compound and an inorganic compound?
Organic compounds are those that contain one or more atoms of carbon. Inorganic compounds are everything else
What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
In a homogeneous mixture, the atoms or molecules are uniformly distributed and the macroscopic properties are the same throughout the mixture. A heterogeneous mixture is not thoroughly mixed and is not uniform in composition or appearance.
What is a solution?
Liquid solutions are a special case of a homogeneous mixture where a solid substance (the solute) is dissolved in a liquid (the solvent).
(a) What is a heterogeneous mixture of solid particles and a liquid called? (b) What is a heterogeneous mixture of solid particles and a gas called?
(a) A suspension, (b) an aerosol.
How does particles size affect the sedimentation rate of particles suspended in a liquid or gas?
The sedimentation rate of particles suspended in a liquid or gas increases as the particle size increases.
What process is used to increase sedimentation?
Centrifugation.
What are the two methods used for separation of heterogeneous mixtures of a solid in a liquid?
Sedimentation and filtration.
What is the method used for separation of homogeneous mixtures of a solid in a liquid?
Distillation or fractional distillation.
What is the method used to separate homogeneous mixtures of gases?
Effusion.
What process is used to separate homogeneous mixtures of liquids?
Distillation
What process is used to decrease the time of liquid separation?
Vacuum distillation
What is a molecule?
Molecules are the smallest particles that make up a chemical compound
Express 24,000,000 in: scientific notation
a) 2.4×10⁷
What is density?
the ratio of the mass to the volume of a material.
What is a compound ?
a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements in a simple whole number ratio that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions
What is a solute?
A substance that is dissolved into a solute resulting in a solution
A liquid with low viscosity:
a) has definite volume
b) flows quickly
c) flows slowly
d) fills its container
B) flows quickly
Mercury is a metal , metalloid or non-metal ?
Metal
What’s the general name for mercury?
Hydragyrum
What’s the atomic number of an atom equal to ?
Number of protons In the nucleus
What is the mass number of an atom equal to ?
Number of protons + number of neutrons in the nucleus
What is an ion ?
An atom with unequal number of protons and electrons
What is ionization?
The process of creating an ion from an unchanged atom
What are valence electrons ?
The electrons in the outermost occupied electron shell of an atom which take part in chemical bonding
What are the main concepts in Daltons atomic theory of matter ?
A. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called matter
B. Atoms cannot be subdivide, created or destroyed
C. Atoms of the same element are identical in size, weight and other properties
D. Atoms of different elements are different in size, weight and other properties
E. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form a chemical compound
F. Atoms can be combined , separated or rearranged in chemical reactions
What are the following microscopic properties for superfluid : a) shape ; b) volume ; c) compressiblity ; d) conductivity ; e) density ; f) temperature ; g) movement
a) variable ; b) fixed ; c) slightly ; d) thermal high ; e) medium ; f) super cold ; g) very low
What are the following microscopic properties for plasma : a) shape ; b) volume ; c) compressiblity ; d) conductivity ; e) density ; f) temperature ; g) movement
a) variable ; b) variable ; c) high ; d) electrical high ; e) low ; f) super heated ; g) very rapid
