Chapter 1: Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of homeostasis
A
the state of relative stability of the body’s internal environment.
2
Q
Define anatomy.
A
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
3
Q
Define dissection.
A
The careful cutting apart of body structure to study their relationships.
4
Q
Define Physiology
A
The science of body functions - how the body parts work.
5
Q
Name all the branches of anatomy.
A
Embryology Developmental biology Cell biology (cytology) Histology Gross anatomy Systematic anatomy Regional anatomy Surface anatomy Imagining anatomy Pathological anatomy
6
Q
Name ALL the branches of Physiology
A
Molecular physiology Neurophysiology Endocrinology Cardiovascular physiology Immunology Respiratory physiology Renal physiology Exercise physiology Pathophysiology
7
Q
Define the study of EMBRYOLOGY
A
The first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
8
Q
Define the study of DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
A
The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
9
Q
Define the study of CELL BIOLOGY (cytology)
A
Cellular structures and functions
10
Q
Define the study of HISTOLOGY
A
Microscopic structures of tissues.
11
Q
Define Gross Anatomy
A
Structures that can be examined without a microscope (visible to the naked eye)
12
Q
Define Systematic Anatomy
A
Structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
13
Q
Define Regional Anatomy
A
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
14
Q
Define Surface Anatomy
A
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpating (gentle touch).
15
Q
Define Imaging Anatomy
A
Internal body of structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.
16
Q
Define Pathological Anatomy
A
Structural changes associated with disease.
17
Q
Define Molecular Physiology
A
Functions of individual molecules such as protein and DNA.
18
Q
Define Neurophysiology
A
Function property of nerve cells.
19
Q
Define Endocrinology
A
Hormones (chemical regulators in blood) and how they control body functions.
20
Q
Define Cardiovascular Physiology
A
Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
21
Q
Define Immunology
A
The body defenses against disease-causing agents.
22
Q
Define Respiratory Physiology
A
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
23
Q
Define Renal Physiology
A
Function of the kidneys.
24
Q
Define Exercise Physiology
A
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
25
Define Pathophysiology
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
26
What are the SIX (6) levels of organization?
(1) Chemical Level
(2) Cellular Level
(3) Tissue Level
(4) Organ Level
(5) System Level
(6) Organismal Level
27
What is the CHEMICAL LEVEL of organization?
The basic level of structure. It includes atoms - the smallest units of matter and molecules - two atoms joined together. The most common atoms that make up life are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and sulfur. The most common molecule is DNA - the genetic material passed from one generation to the next and glucose (blood sugar).
28
What is the CELLULAR LEVEL of organization?
Molecules combine together to form cells, basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. Cells are the smallest living units in the human body among many kind of cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.
29
What is the TISSUE LEVEL of organization?
There are FOUR basic types of tissue in your body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
30
What is the ORGAN LEVEL of structure?
At the organ level, different types of tissue are joined together. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
31
What is the SYSTEM LEVEL of structure?
A system consist of related organs with a common function. Sometimes an organ can be part of more than one system.
32
What is the ORGANISMAL LEVEL of structure?
All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.
33
What is Epithelial Tissue?
It covers the body’s surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
34
What is Connective Tissue?
Connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.
35
What is Muscular Tissue?
Contracts to make body parts move and generate heat.
36
What is Nervous Tissue?
Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
37
Examples of ORGANS
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Stomach
Skin
Bones
Heart
Liver
Lungs
Brain
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The stomachs outer covering is a layer of epithelial tissue and connective tissue that reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs. Underneath are THREE layers of a type of muscular tissue called smooth muscle tissue which contracts to churn and mix food and then push it into the next digestive organ, the small intestines. The inner most lining is epithelial tissue layer that produces fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion in the stomach.
38
Example of SYSTEM
Digestive System - breaks down and absorbs food. It’s organs include the mouth, salivary gland, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
39
What are the ELEVEN (11) Systems of the human body?
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Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic and Immunity System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
```
40
Components and Function of the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Components: Skin and associated structures such as hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
Functions: Protects body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold, stores fat and provides insulation.
41
Components and Functions of the SKELETAL SYSTEM
Components: Bones and joints and their associated cartilage.
Functions: Supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats).
42
Components and Functions of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Components: Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue - muscle usually attached to bones.
Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking, maintains posture, produces heat
43
Components and Functions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
44
Components and Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)
45
Components and Functions of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels
Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood Carrie’s oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and waste away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
46
Components and Functions of the LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNITY SYSTEM
Components: Lymphatic fluids and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B-cells, T cells, and others)
Functions: Return protein and fluid to blood, Carrie’s lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
47
Components and Functions of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.
Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of bodily fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
48
Components and Functions of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx ( throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus, also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste.
49
Components and Functions of the URINARY SYSTEM
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates waste and regulated volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body’s mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cells.
50
Components and Functions of the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Components: Gonads (tested in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (bad) deference, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males)
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or pockets) that unite to form a new organism, gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes, associated organs transport and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk.
51
What is a noninvasive diagnostic technique?
A procedure that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.
52
Define Inspection
The examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal.
53
Define Palpation
The examiner feels the body’s surfaces with the hands.
54
Define Auscultation
The examiner listens to the body sounds to elevate the functioning of certain organs often using the stethoscope to amplify the sounds.
55
Define Percussion
The examiner taps the body’s surfaces with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound.
56
What are the SIX (6) Basic Life Processes?
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Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
```
57
Define Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
58
What are the TWO (2) phases of metabolism?
Catabolism and Anabolism
59
Define Catabolism
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
60
Define Anabolism
The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
61
Define Responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
62
Define Movement
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structure inside cells.
63
Define Growth
The increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. In addition sometimes tissues increase in size.
64
Define Differentiation
The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
65
What are precursor cells?
Cells that divid and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation also known as stem cells.
66
Define Reproduction
The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement. OR the production of a new individual.
67
Define Autopsy
A postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death.
68
Define Body Fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them.
69
What is INTRACELLULAR FLUID?
The fluid within a cell
70
What is EXTRACELLULAR FLUID?
The fluid outside body cells
71
What is INTERSTITIAL FLUID?
The extracellular fluid (EXF) that fills in the narrow spaces between cells of tissue.
72
What is the name of the ECF within blood vessels?
Blood plasma
73
What is the name of the ECF within lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
74
What is the name of the ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal fluid
75
What is the name of the ECF of the eyes?
Aqueous humor or vitreous body.
76
What serves as the body’s internal environment
Extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells of the body.
77
What is the external environment?
The space that surrounds the entire body.
78
Define Feedback System
A cycle of events in which the status of a body’s condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
79
What is the name of the monitored variable in an experiment and what are examples of the variable?
Controlled variable (controlled condition). Examples of controlled variables are temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose.
80
Define stimulus
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.
81
What are the THREE (3) basic components of a feedback system?
A receptor
A control center
An effecter
82
What is a receptor?
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
83
What is an afferent pathway?
When a receptors information flows towards the control center. Inputs in this system are usually nerve impulses or chemical signals.
