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PHP ICT2613 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the components of a client-server architecture.

A
  1. Server serves clients over the network
  2. Server share resources
  3. Web server shares websites
  4. Bowser access websites
  5. Network interface card connect computer to network
  6. Connection wireless(WIFI) or wired (Ethernet)
  7. Routers connects networks(LAN . WAN- ISP) and determine the shortest distance
  8. Internet Exchange Points (Large Routers ) connects WANS
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2
Q

Static pages

A
  1. Only change when developer changes it
  2. Does not change in response to user input
  3. Client sends http request
  4. Web server responds with html file
  5. TCP/IP allows two computers to communicate
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3
Q

Dynamic pages

A
  1. Generated by server-side program/ script
  2. Change according to info
  3. Uses extensions of requested files to determine which server or programme to process
  4. Php interpreter process php files
  5. Php can use data from web browser to access data from database server
  6. Can store data in database
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4
Q

Web browsers

A
  1. Internet explorer
  2. Firefox
  3. Safari
  4. Opera
  5. Chrome
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5
Q

Web server

A
  1. Apache
  2. IIS
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6
Q

Server-side languages

A
  1. PHP
  2. JHP
  3. ASP.NET
  4. Perl
  5. Python
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7
Q

Database servers

A
  1. MySQL
  2. Oracle
  3. DB2
  4. MS SQL Server
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8
Q

What is a process in Linux, and how is it related to a command?

A

A process in Linux is a running instance of a command.
Multiple users running the same command result in distinct running processes.

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9
Q

How is a process identified on a Linux system?

A

A process is identified by its unique Process ID (PID).
Once a process ends, its PID becomes available for reuse.

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10
Q

What attributes are associated with a process in addition to the Process ID?

A

Alongside the Process ID, a process is associated with a user account and a group account.
User and group account information determines the process’s access to system resources.

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11
Q

Why is the ability to manage processes crucial for a Linux system administrator?

A

Managing processes is critical as runaway processes can harm system performance.

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12
Q

Explain the significance of the Process ID (PID) uniqueness on a Linux system.

A

PID uniqueness ensures each running process has a distinct identifier.

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13
Q

How does the association with user and group accounts impact a Linux process?

A

This association determines the process’s access level to system resources.

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14
Q

In what situations might a Linux system administrator need to manage processes actively?

A

Active process management is required for issues like runaway processes consuming excessive resources.
Monitoring and handling processes based on factors like memory and CPU usage is essential.

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15
Q

What is the ps command used for in Linux?

A

The ps command in Linux is used to list processes currently running on the system. It provides information about running programs, the resources they are utilizing, and details about the users running them.

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

How does the top command differ from the ps command in listing processes?

A

The top command offers a more screen-oriented approach to listing processes.
It not only displays information about running processes but also allows users to interactively change the status of processes.

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18
Q

What graphical tool can be used in the GNOME desktop environment to work with processes?

A

the System Monitor tool (gnome-system-monitor) can be used.

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19
Q

How does the ps command display information about running processes?

A

The ps command displays information such as usernames, the time a process started, and memory and CPU usage.

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20
Q

what does the “STAT” column represent

A

The “STAT” column in the ps command output represents the state of the proces

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21
Q

What does the “TTY” column signify in the ps command output?

A

The “TTY” column in the ps command output represents the terminal type associated with the process.

22
Q

What is Linux, and what does it consist of as a computer operating system?

A

Linux is a computer operating system.
It consists of software managing the computer and enabling the execution of applications.

23
Q

Explain the process of detecting and preparing hardware during the Linux system boot-up.

A

During boot-up, Linux examines computer components (CPU, hard drive, network cards).
It loads necessary software (drivers and modules) to access specific hardware devices.

24
Q

Describe the role of the operating system in managing processes.

A

The operating system tracks multiple concurrent processes.
It decides which processes have CPU access, manages process status, and allows starting, stopping, and altering process states.

25
Q

What are the responsibilities of the operating system in managing memory?

A

Allocating RAM and swap space to applications based on memory needs.
Deciding how memory requests are handled by the operating system.

26
Q

How does Linux provide user interfaces, and what are the common interfaces available?

A

Linux offers user interfaces for system access.
Initially accessed via a command-line interpreter (shell) and later through graphical desktop interfaces.

27
Q

Explain the operating system’s role in controlling filesystems.

A

Filesystem structures are built into the operating system.
It manages ownership and access to files and directories within the filesystem.

28
Q

What is the significance of user access and authentication in Linux?

A

Linux includes features for creating user accounts.
Separate user and group accounts allow users to control their files and processes.

29
Q

Discuss the availability and purpose of administrative utilities in Linux.

A

Linux provides numerous commands and graphical tools for administrative tasks.
Tools include adding users, managing disks, monitoring the network, installing software, and securing the computer.

30
Q

How are services started up in Linux, and what types of services are commonly run in the background?

A

Daemon processes run in the background to handle services.
Services include printers, log messages, system, and network services, managed by starting and stopping processes.

31
Q

What are some advanced features of Linux used in large enterprises?

A

Clustering: Configuring Linux in clusters for seamless service operation.
Virtualization: Running Linux as a virtualization host for various operating systems.
Cloud computing: Utilizing cloud computing platforms based on Linux for extensive virtualization environments.
Real-time computing: Configuring Linux for high-priority processes with predictable attention.
Specialized storage: Employing various local and networked storage interfaces in Linux, such as iSCSI, Fibre Channel, and Infiniband.

32
Q

Explain the significance of understanding the shell command line for someone administering Linux systems.

A

While graphical interfaces are available, understanding the shell command line is crucial for Linux system administrators.
The shell provides powerful control over system functions, enabling effective administration.

33
Q

How does Linux differ from proprietary operating systems like Microsoft Windows and MacOS in terms of code visibility?

A

Linux is an open-source operating system, allowing users to view and modify its code.
Proprietary systems like Windows and MacOS do not provide code visibility, limiting user customization and understanding.

34
Q

Why is the concept of free software important for the growth and innovation in technology?

A

Free software allows others to use and modify code, driving innovation.
It has led to the growth of the Internet, mobile phones, and numerous technology companies

35
Q

What is the historical context of UNIX culture at Bell Labs, and how did it contribute to the development of UNIX and subsequently Linux?

A

NIX was created in a communal environment at Bell Labs, driven by the desire to overcome software development challenges.
UNIX’s modularity, filesystem design, and portability principles laid the foundation for Linux’s development.

36
Q

How did the UNIX operating system contribute to the success and popularity of C programming language?

A

UNIX’s need for portability led to the creation of the C programming language.
C became the primary language for implementing UNIX and Linux operating system kernels.

37
Q

What were the key elements of UNIX that made it unique, and how did these elements contribute to its success?

A

UNIX filesystem: Organized files and directories with subdirectories, simplifying access to devices.
Input/output redirection: Enabled directing command output to files and using pipes to connect commands.
Portability: UNIX’s high-level programming language and device drivers facilitated easy adaptation to different hardware.

38
Q

How did the open development process of UNIX contribute to its excellence and sharing of code?

A

UNIX development was a collaborative, ego-free process that encouraged code sharing.
This approach allowed rapid development and created a high-quality UNIX operating system.

39
Q

What are some advanced Linux features not covered in this book, and how do the foundational topics serve as a basis for understanding them?

A

Clustering, virtualization, cloud computing, real-time computing, and specialized storage are advanced features.
Foundational topics covered in the book provide essential knowledge for working with these advanced features.

40
Q

What is the Open Source Initiative (OSI), and what role does it play in the open source movement?

A

The OSI is a watchdog of the open source movement, overseeing the adherence to open source principles.
It ensures that open source software provides source code availability and upholds specific criteria defined in the open source definition.

41
Q

List and explain the key goals of open source software as defined by OSI.

A

Free distribution: Open source licenses cannot require fees for reselling the software.
Source code: The source code must accompany the software without restrictions on redistribution.
Derived works: The license should permit modification and redistribution under the same terms.
Integrity of the author’s source code: Users may be required to remove the original project’s name or version if they modify the source code.
No discrimination against persons or groups: The license must allow equal eligibility for all people to use the source code.
No discrimination against fields of endeavor: The license can’t restrict the use of source code based on commercial or disliked fields of endeavor.
Distribution of license: No additional license should be necessary for software use and redistribution.
License must not be specific to a product: The license cannot restrict the source code to a particular software distribution.
License must not restrict other software: The license cannot prevent including open source software with non-open source software.
License must be technology neutral: The license cannot limit methods of redistributing the source code.

42
Q

How many licenses are accepted by OSI for labeling software as “OSI Certified Open Source Software,” and what are some popular OSI-approved licenses?

A

OSI accepts about 70 different licenses.
Popular OSI-approved licenses include GPL, LGPL, BSD, MIT, and Mozilla

43
Q

Explain the key differences between the BSD and GPL licenses.

A

BSD: Allows source code redistribution with the requirement to retain the BSD copyright notice, but does not mandate sharing modifications with the community.
GPL: Requires sharing modifications with the community, promoting a more communal approach to development.

44
Q

What is Eric S. Raymond’s perspective on open source development, and how does it relate to the quality of software?

A

Eric S. Raymond believes that open source development, with many eyes reviewing the source code, results in higher-quality software.
His quote, “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow,” emphasizes the collaborative nature of open source development.

45
Q

Explain the significance of the C programming language in the development of UNIX and Linux.

A

The C programming language was crucial in implementing the UNIX operating system kernel.
UNIX, including Linux, was rewritten in C in 1973, making it highly portable across different hardware.
C remains the primary language for developing UNIX and Linux kernels.

46
Q

Describe the characteristics of the UNIX filesystem that contributed to the success of UNIX and Linux.

A

The UNIX filesystem featured a hierarchical structure with subdirectories, enhancing organization.
It simplified access to devices by representing them as individual device files within the filesystem.
These features facilitated intuitive organization and simplified access to hardware.

47
Q

Explain how input/output redirection and pipes contributed to the modularity of UNIX.

A

UNIX introduced input/output redirection, allowing users to direct command output to files using “>” and pipe output between commands using “|”.
Pipes facilitated the creation of specialized utilities by enabling the combination of different commands.
The modularity allowed users to assemble pieces as needed, fostering diverse code development.

48
Q

What is the role of the Open Source Initiative in defining open source software, and how does it contribute to the development of Linux?

A

The OSI defines and oversees the adherence to open source principles.
It ensures that open source licenses meet specific criteria, promoting freedom and integrity.
This contributes to the collaborative and communal development of Linux, allowing for flexibility and growth.

49
Q

How did the UNIX culture at Bell Labs contribute to the development and sharing of UNIX code?

A

The UNIX culture at Bell Labs was communal and driven by a desire to create excellent software.
Code development was not ego-driven but focused on making UNIX excellent, leading to code sharing both inside and outside Bell Labs.
The open and free-flowing process allowed for rapid development and laid the foundation for a high-quality UNIX operating system.

50
Q
A

PHP ICT2613 (1 decks)

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