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Life span, growth, and development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Culture, race, and ethnicity influence development. The challenge for researchers is to determine which principles of development are universal and which are cultural.

A

Multidirectional

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1
Q

Seen as a continuing process throughout the life span. It is the study to understand universal principles of development and focus on cultural, racial, and ethnic differences.

A

Development

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3
Q

18 - 40 years

A

Early Adulthood

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5
Q

Aims to understand the unique aspects of individual’s traits and characteristics that differentiate one person from another. It asks in which periods and areas people show change and growth.

A

Life span development

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6
Q

Lifelong
Multidimensional and multidirectional
Highly plastic
Affected by multiple interacting forces

A

4 Parts of Life span perspective

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7
Q

Lifelong - Domains of Development are changes that are overlapping and interactive

A

Physical development
Cognitive development
Emotional development
Social development

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8
Q 
Prenatal (Conception to birth)
Infancy & toddler hood (birth - 2 years)
Early Childhood ( 2 - 6 years)
Middle Childhood (6 - 11 years)
Adolescence (12 - 18) years)
Early Adulthood (18 - 40 years)
Middle adulthood (40 - 65 years)
Late adulthood ( 65 years to death)
A

Age Ranges and Individual Differences

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9
Q

65 to death

A

Late Adulthood

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10
Q

Psychosexual development

A

Sigmund Freud

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11
Q

Biological, personal and social forces. It is a joint expression of growth and decline through the lifespan.

A

Multidimensional

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12
Q

Conception to birth

A

Prenatal

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13
Q

Evident at all ages with the capacity and opportunity for change, Varies greatly across individuals. There is evidence that it does show some decline over time. Resilience is the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development.

A

Plasticity

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15
Q

We do not develop in isolation. We develop with others in a social world.

Normative history-graded influences
Normative age-graded influences
Non normative life events

A

INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE- INTERACTING FORCES

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16
Q

The Society for Research in Child Development and the American Psychological Association has developed comprehensive ethical guidelines for researchers. The investigator is ultimately responsible to assure ethical integrity. Advice and approval from Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are recommended or required to help weigh the potential costs against the value for advancing knowledge and improving conditions of life.

A

Ethics and Research

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17
Q

Unique to a particular era such as war, depression, changing values, prosperity. Cohort

Example: The baby boomer generation made it a powerful social force from the time that its members became young adults

A

Normative history-graded influences

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19
Q

Irregular, unpredictable events that happen to just a few people.

Example: delayed marriage, parenthood, career entry, battle with cancer

A

Non-normative life events

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20
Q

Continuous change vs. Discontinuous change
Critical periods and Sensitive periods
Life span approach vs. Focus on particular periods
Nature (genetic factors) - Nurture (environmental factors)

A

Major Issues

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21
Q

Historically, in Europe, up until the 17th century, children had been viewed as “miniature adults” and subjected to the same expectations and punishments as adults. The church viewed children as being naturally evil. As time went on, viewpoints and ideas changed. Some of these philosophies and scientists included John Locke as an environmentalist who believed children were an empty slate and needed nurture to learn to behave and think. In contrast, Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that children had natural instincts and needed minimal adult supervision or correction.

A

History of child development

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22
Q

Baby biographies

A

Charles Darwin

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23
Q

Questionnaire of large groups

A

G. Stanley Hall

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24
Q

Developmental norms (examining babies month after month to identify typical sequence of development).

A

Arnold Gesel

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25
Q

Observable behavior
Pavlov -
Watson - Classical Conditioning - involuntary
Skinner - Operant Conditioning - reinforcement, punishment leading to behavior modification.
Bandura - social-cognitive learning -modeling and imitation

A

Behavioral Perspective

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27
Q

Looks to discover causal relationships between factors.

A

Experimental Research

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28
Q

Behaviorism - human are trainable - classical conditioning.

A

John B. Watson

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29
12 - 18 years
Adolescence
31
Theories provide a framework for understating the relationship between facts or principles. We develop theories individually based on our own experiences. More formal, systematic and subject to rigorous testing. Our own individual theories are not subject to such testing. Thus, the formal theories may be tested and questioned.
Developmental Theories
33
``` Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic Contextual Evolutionary Ecological ```
The Major Theoretical Perspectives
34
Piaget - schemes, assimilation and accommodation, stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operations.) Information Processing Approaches - learning, remembering, thinking can be broken into steps such as that processing used by computers to take in, store and retrieve information. Cognitive neuroscience approaches - a look at cognitive development through the brain processes, significant use of technology and also genetic research.
Cognitive perspective
35
Inheritance and genetics Darwin - natural selection Lorenz - Ethology - biological determinants influencing behavior Behavioral Genetics - inheritance of traits and environmental influences that determine expression of those traits physical, social and psychological.
Evolutionary Perspective
36
Suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals (Urie Bronfenbrenner): Microsystems Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem Advantages of the ecological approach are that it : emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development influences among different family members are multidirectional stresses the importance of broad cultural factors that affect development
Ecological Approach
37
Looks for an association or relationship between factors.
Correlational Research
38
Birth to 2 years
Infancy and toddlerhood
39
Montessori preschool Reggio Emilia preschool Head Start David Elkind - developmental psychologist
Educational Perspectives
40
Piaget Kohlberg Gillund -female perspective
Stages of Moral Development
41
Naturalistic Observation Case Studies Survey Research Psychophysiological Methods
Correlational Research
42
An observation of a naturally occurring behavior without intervention. Done in the field or natural environment.
Naturalistic Observation
43
Used to learn about the individual being interviewed and to derive broader principles or draw tentative conclusions that apply to others.
Case Studies
44
A type of study where a group of people are chosen (at random usually) to represent a larger population. They are asked questions on a topic and the results are analyzed and reported by using statistics.
Survey Research
45
A subset of a population chosen to represent the population. Selection and size of the sample affect the rigor and power of the study.
Sample
46
Focus on relationship between physiological processes and behavior. They would use cognitive neuroscience approaches and diagnostic technology such as EEG, EKG, CAT scan and MRI.
Psychophysiological Methods
47
Harlow - classic study with infant monkeys Lorenz - study with newborn goslings - imprinting - biologically determined Bowlby - earliest work on human attachment - needs for safety and security Ainsworth - Strange situation and patterns of attachment
Attachment
48
``` Experiments Treatments Treatment groups Control groups Independent variable Dependent variable Field study Laboratory study ```
Experimental Research
49
The comparison of the consequences of different treatments.
Experiments
50
Used in experimental research.
Treatment and Control Groups
51
The variable manipulated by researchers.
Independent Variable
52
Five of the basic principles that must be followed are those related to the following
``` Protection from harm Informed consent Privacy Knowledge of results Beneficial Treatments ```
53
The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of the manipulation.
Dependent Variable
54
The question you want answered or tested will determine the strategy used for the research project.
Hypothesis
55
An investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting. Nothing is controlled or manipulated
Field study
56
The investigation is conducted in a controlled setting and is well designed.
Laboratory Study
57
Two approaches are usually used by developmental researchers
Theoretical research and applied research
60
Designed to test a developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. Applied research is used to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
Theoretical research
61
Longitudinal research Cross-sectional research Sequential studies
Measuring Developmental Change
62
Individuals studied/measured over time
Longitudinal Research
64
People of different ages compared at the same point in time ( like taking a picture to study)
Cross-sectional research
66
Study a number of different age groups over several points in time ( like a snapshot taken of 3rd, 5th, and 7th graders taken every 5 years)
Sequential Study
69
Used to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
Applied research
71
6 - 11 years
Middle childhood
73
Fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last. Example: Starting school at age 6, driver license at 16, entering college at age 18
Normative age-graded influences
76
40 - 65 years
Middle Adulthood
78
Focus on the inner person Sigmund Freud - psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual development Erik Erikson - psychosocial theory and eight stages of development See Table 1.2, p. 16.
Psychodynamic Perspective
83
2 - 6 years
Early childhood
87
Human development within the social and cultural context. Lev Vygotsky - Sociocultural theory, reciprocal transaction and scaffolding influence cognitive development within a child's culture. Urie Bronfenbrenner - bioecological approach - interconnectedness of systems - microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem.
Contextual Perspective
92
Free will Carl Rogers - need for positive regard Abraham Maslow - heirachy of human needs with self-actualization the highest level.
Humanistic Perspective
96
Tests of intelligence to determine who could be successful in school and who could not
Alfred Binet

Life span, growth, and development (1 decks)

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