Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life span, growth, and development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Culture, race, and ethnicity influence development. The challenge for researchers is to determine which principles of development are universal and which are cultural.

A

Multidirectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Seen as a continuing process throughout the life span. It is the study to understand universal principles of development and focus on cultural, racial, and ethnic differences.

A

Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

18 - 40 years

A

Early Adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aims to understand the unique aspects of individual’s traits and characteristics that differentiate one person from another. It asks in which periods and areas people show change and growth.

A

Life span development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lifelong
Multidimensional and multidirectional
Highly plastic
Affected by multiple interacting forces

A

4 Parts of Life span perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lifelong - Domains of Development are changes that are overlapping and interactive

A

Physical development
Cognitive development
Emotional development
Social development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
Prenatal (Conception to birth)
Infancy & toddler hood (birth - 2 years)
Early Childhood ( 2 - 6 years)
Middle Childhood (6 - 11 years)
Adolescence (12 - 18) years)
Early Adulthood (18 - 40 years)
Middle adulthood (40 - 65 years)
Late adulthood ( 65 years to death)
A

Age Ranges and Individual Differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

65 to death

A

Late Adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Psychosexual development

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biological, personal and social forces. It is a joint expression of growth and decline through the lifespan.

A

Multidimensional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conception to birth

A

Prenatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evident at all ages with the capacity and opportunity for change, Varies greatly across individuals. There is evidence that it does show some decline over time. Resilience is the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development.

A

Plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

We do not develop in isolation. We develop with others in a social world.

Normative history-graded influences
Normative age-graded influences
Non normative life events

A

INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE- INTERACTING FORCES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Society for Research in Child Development and the American Psychological Association has developed comprehensive ethical guidelines for researchers. The investigator is ultimately responsible to assure ethical integrity. Advice and approval from Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are recommended or required to help weigh the potential costs against the value for advancing knowledge and improving conditions of life.

A

Ethics and Research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Unique to a particular era such as war, depression, changing values, prosperity. Cohort

Example: The baby boomer generation made it a powerful social force from the time that its members became young adults

A

Normative history-graded influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Irregular, unpredictable events that happen to just a few people.

Example: delayed marriage, parenthood, career entry, battle with cancer

A

Non-normative life events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Continuous change vs. Discontinuous change
Critical periods and Sensitive periods
Life span approach vs. Focus on particular periods
Nature (genetic factors) - Nurture (environmental factors)

A

Major Issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Historically, in Europe, up until the 17th century, children had been viewed as “miniature adults” and subjected to the same expectations and punishments as adults. The church viewed children as being naturally evil. As time went on, viewpoints and ideas changed. Some of these philosophies and scientists included John Locke as an environmentalist who believed children were an empty slate and needed nurture to learn to behave and think. In contrast, Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that children had natural instincts and needed minimal adult supervision or correction.

A

History of child development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Baby biographies

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Questionnaire of large groups

A

G. Stanley Hall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Developmental norms (examining babies month after month to identify typical sequence of development).

A

Arnold Gesel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Observable behavior
Pavlov -
Watson - Classical Conditioning - involuntary
Skinner - Operant Conditioning - reinforcement, punishment leading to behavior modification.
Bandura - social-cognitive learning -modeling and imitation

A

Behavioral Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Looks to discover causal relationships between factors.

A

Experimental Research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Behaviorism - human are trainable - classical conditioning.

A

John B. Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

12 - 18 years

A

Adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Theories provide a framework for understating the relationship between facts or principles. We develop theories individually based on our own experiences.
More formal, systematic and subject to rigorous testing. Our own individual theories are not subject to such testing. Thus, the formal theories may be tested and questioned.

A

Developmental Theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q 
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanistic
Contextual
Evolutionary
Ecological
A

The Major Theoretical Perspectives

34
Q

Piaget - schemes, assimilation and accommodation, stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operations.)
Information Processing Approaches - learning, remembering, thinking can be broken into steps such as that processing used by computers to take in, store and retrieve information.
Cognitive neuroscience approaches - a look at cognitive development through the brain processes, significant use of technology and also genetic research.

A

Cognitive perspective

35
Q

Inheritance and genetics
Darwin - natural selection
Lorenz - Ethology - biological determinants influencing behavior
Behavioral Genetics - inheritance of traits and environmental influences that determine expression of those traits physical, social and psychological.

A

Evolutionary Perspective

36
Q

Suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals (Urie Bronfenbrenner):
Microsystems
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
Advantages of the ecological approach are that it :
emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development
influences among different family members are multidirectional
stresses the importance of broad cultural factors that affect development

A

Ecological Approach

37
Q

Looks for an association or relationship between factors.

A

Correlational Research

38
Q

Birth to 2 years

A

Infancy and toddlerhood

39
Q

Montessori preschool
Reggio Emilia preschool
Head Start
David Elkind - developmental psychologist

A

Educational Perspectives

40
Q

Piaget
Kohlberg
Gillund -female perspective

A

Stages of Moral Development

41
Q

Naturalistic Observation
Case Studies
Survey Research
Psychophysiological Methods

A

Correlational Research

42
Q

An observation of a naturally occurring behavior without intervention. Done in the field or natural environment.

A

Naturalistic Observation

43
Q

Used to learn about the individual being interviewed and to derive broader principles or draw tentative conclusions that apply to others.

A

Case Studies

44
Q

A type of study where a group of people are chosen (at random usually) to represent a larger population. They are asked questions on a topic and the results are analyzed and reported by using statistics.

A

Survey Research

45
Q

A subset of a population chosen to represent the population. Selection and size of the sample affect the rigor and power of the study.

A

Sample

46
Q

Focus on relationship between physiological processes and behavior. They would use cognitive neuroscience approaches and diagnostic technology such as EEG, EKG, CAT scan and MRI.

A

Psychophysiological Methods

47
Q

Harlow - classic study with infant monkeys
Lorenz - study with newborn goslings - imprinting - biologically determined
Bowlby - earliest work on human attachment - needs for safety and security
Ainsworth - Strange situation and patterns of attachment

A

Attachment

48
Q 
Experiments
Treatments
Treatment groups
Control groups
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Field study
Laboratory study
A

Experimental Research

49
Q

The comparison of the consequences of different treatments.

A

Experiments

50
Q

Used in experimental research.

A

Treatment and Control Groups

51
Q

The variable manipulated by researchers.

A

Independent Variable

52
Q

Five of the basic principles that must be followed are those related to the following

A 
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Knowledge of results
Beneficial Treatments
53
Q

The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of the manipulation.

A

Dependent Variable

54
Q

The question you want answered or tested will determine the strategy used for the research project.

A

Hypothesis

55
Q

An investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting. Nothing is controlled or manipulated

A

Field study

56
Q

The investigation is conducted in a controlled setting and is well designed.

A

Laboratory Study

57
Q

Two approaches are usually used by developmental researchers

A

Theoretical research and applied research

60
Q

Designed to test a developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. Applied research is used to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

A

Theoretical research

61
Q

Longitudinal research
Cross-sectional research
Sequential studies

A

Measuring Developmental Change

62
Q

Individuals studied/measured over time

A

Longitudinal Research

64
Q

People of different ages compared at the same point in time ( like taking a picture to study)

A

Cross-sectional research

66
Q

Study a number of different age groups over several points in time ( like a snapshot taken of 3rd, 5th, and 7th graders taken every 5 years)

A

Sequential Study

69
Q

Used to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

A

Applied research

71
Q

6 - 11 years

A

Middle childhood

73
Q

Fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last.

Example: Starting school at age 6, driver license at 16, entering college at age 18

A

Normative age-graded influences

76
Q

40 - 65 years

A

Middle Adulthood

78
Q

Focus on the inner person
Sigmund Freud - psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual development
Erik Erikson - psychosocial theory and eight stages of development
See Table 1.2, p. 16.

A

Psychodynamic Perspective

83
Q

2 - 6 years

A

Early childhood

87
Q

Human development within the social and cultural context.

Lev Vygotsky - Sociocultural theory, reciprocal transaction and scaffolding influence cognitive development within a child’s culture.
Urie Bronfenbrenner - bioecological approach - interconnectedness of systems - microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem.

A

Contextual Perspective

92
Q

Free will
Carl Rogers - need for positive regard
Abraham Maslow - heirachy of human needs with self-actualization the highest level.

A

Humanistic Perspective

96
Q

Tests of intelligence to determine who could be successful in school and who could not

A

Alfred Binet

Life span, growth, and development (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions