Chapter 1 Flashcards
Atomic number
The number of protons in its nucleus
Organic chemistry
Compounds that contain carbon
Mass number
The sum of its protons and neutrons
Isotopes
Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
Atomic weight
The average mass of its atoms
Quantum mechanics
The realization that electrons have wavelike properties.
Atomic orbitals
Sub shells in shells
First shell
Atomic orbitals: s
Number of atomic orbitals: 1
Max number of electrons: 2
Second shell
Atomic orbitals: s,p
Number of atomic orbitals: 1,3
Max number of electrons: 8
Third shell
Atomic orbitals: s,p,d
Number of atomic orbitals: 1,3,5
Maximum number of electrons: 18
Fourth shell
Atomic orbitals: s,p,d,f
Number of atomic orbitals: 1,3,5,7
Maximum number of electrons:32
Formal Charge
is the number of valence electrons- number of lone pair electrons + 1/2 number of bonding electrons.
none bonding electrons/ lone pair electrons
valence elevtrons not used in bonding.
carbocation
A species containing a positively charged carbon.
Carbanion
A species containing a negatively charged carbon.
Radical
A species containing an atom with a single unpaired electron.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
states that both the precise location and the exact momentum of an atomic particle cannot be simultaneously determined, we can never say precisely where an electron is–we can only describe its probable location.
what holds two hydrogen atoms together?
The attraction of the two negatively charged electrons for the two positively charged nuclei
bond dissociation
the bond strength- is the energy required to break a bond.
To determine the orbitals including hybridization…
Count the atoms and lone pairs attached to the center atom.
Bond angles in NH3
107.3*
The experimentally observed bond angle in h2o is?
104.5*
Methyl cation
(+CH3)
The positively charged carbon in the methyl cation is bonded to three atoms.so it hybridizes three orbitals.
Forms 3 covalent bonds
Methyl radical
(*CH3)
The carbon atom in the methyl radical is also sp2 hybridized.
Has one more electron then then the methyl cation
Methyl anion
(-:CH3)
The negatively charged carbon in the methyl anion has three pairs of bonding electrons and one lone pair.
