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biology stage 1 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Passive Transport

A
  • HIGH to LOW
  • Higher to lower concentration
  • Simple diffusion
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2
Q

Active transport

A
  • LOW to HIGH
  • Movement of molecules/ions against concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration)
  • Ion needs to attach itself to protein to move across membrane
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3
Q

Difference between Active and Passive Transport

A
  • Active uses energy/enzymes while passive doesn’t
  • Active is extremely selective, passive is partially non-selective
  • Active is affected by temperature while passive isn’t
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4
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Larger (10-100μm)
  • Clearly defined nucleus
  • Nucleus is where eukaryotes store genetic information
  • More complex
  • E.g. animal, plant, fungi
  • DNA is multiple linear chromosome
  • Have a membrane-bound nucleus
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5
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Smaller (1-10μm)
  • Lack internal membrane-bound organelles
  • No nucleus
  • Smaller than eukaryotic
  • Singular circular chromosome
  • E.g. bacteria
  • First organism to inhabit earth
  • Don’t have membrane-bound nucleus
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6
Q

Both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleic acids (DNA)
  • Proteins
  • Ribosomes
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7
Q

Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Eukaryotic is large, prokaryotic is small
  • Eukaryotic is more complex, Prokaryotic is simpler
  • Eukaryotic has membrane-bound organelles, Prokaryotic lacks them
  • Eukaryotic DNA is multiple linear chromosome, prokaryotic is singular circular chromosome
  • Eukaryotic is more recently evolved, prokaryotic is ancient
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8
Q

Cell requirements

A
  • Photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation are important energy processes
  • MRS GREN
  • Movement: plants turn towards the sun, roots into the soil
  • Respiration: plants and animals use oxygen to turn food into energy
  • Nutrition: food is used to produce energy, plants make own food via sunlight
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9
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • Cells are the unit of life, all life comes from pre-existing life
  • All biological organisms are composed of cells
  • Contain genes used as instructions for growth, functioning, and development
  • Cell is functioning unit of life, all chemical reactions take place within the cell
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10
Q

Differences between Plant and Animal cells

A
  • Plant cells contain large singular vacuole, animal cells have many small vacuoles
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, animal doesn’t
  • Plant cells have chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll), animal cells don’t
  • Plant cells have nucleus
  • Animal cells are irregular in shape
  • Animal cells have complex and prominent golgi
  • Animal cells have cytoplasm that fills entire cell
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11
Q

Organelles

A
  • mitochondria
  • golgi
  • cell wall
  • nucleus
  • chloroplast
  • ER
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosome
  • vacuole
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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell, carry out aerobic respiration to produce ATP, where respiration takes place (where energy is made)

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13
Q

Golgi

A

Package proteins, sends things to ER, transport to cell membrane for excretion from cell

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14
Q

Cell wall

A

strengthen/support cell and maintain shape

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

controls cellular processes, coordinate overall function

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

produce glucose and oxygen, site of photosynthesis

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

production/synthesis of proteins and lipids, package proteins and lipids

18
Q

Cell membrane

A

Allows certain substances to enter and leave cell, holds cell together

19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

where all chemical reactions take place, suspends organelles

20
Q

Ribosome

A

where protein synthesis takes place, links together amino acids

21
Q

Vacuole

A

contains water, salts, and nutrients for cell, maintains salt and water levels, handles waste (take it in and get rid of it)

22
Q

Osmosis

A
  • LOW to HIGH (movement of water from a place of low concentration to high concentration)
  • Only occurs in liquid through semi permeable membrane
23
Q

Diffusion

A
  • HIGH to LOW until equilibrium is reached
  • Doesn’t require semi permeable membrane
  • Example of simple diffusion: The blood circulation system takes the oxygen rich blood away and replaces it with blood low in oxygen, but high in carbon dioxide.
24
Q

Semi-permeable

A
  • Allowing certain molecules/ions to pass through by osmosis

- Determines whether cell lives, as molecules moving through is important

25
Q

Isotonic

A

When concentration of water outside of the cell is the same as inside of the cell

26
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • When concentration of water outside cell is higher than inside cell
  • Water moves outside to inside
  • in water, RBC expands because of LOW to HIGH
27
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • When concentration of water outside cell is lower tan concentration inside cell
  • Water moves inside to outside of cell
  • in salt water, RBC shrivels because LOW to HIGH
28
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Is a mode/type of endocytosis
  • Process by which a cell uses its membrane to ingest and eliminate particles larger than 0.5μm
  • Uptake of particles, e.g. bacteria
29
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • Is a mode/type of endocytosis
  • Process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells
  • Cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within cell
  • Uptake of large molecules, e.g. fat
30
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Large particles or molecules being taken INTO the cell (endo = in), two types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis
31
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Substances passing OUT of cell (exo = out) and secreting of materials into vesicle by golgi body
  • E.g. adrenal glands, salivary glands
32
Q

What happens to red blood cell in different solutes

A
  • In salt RBC shrivels
  • In tap water RBC expands and explodes
  • This is due to movement of H20 from LOW to HIGH solute concentration
33
Q

Mitosis (stages)

A 
4 main stages
Prophase: DNA condense
Metaphase: move to equator
Anaphase: move to poles
Telophase: two new nuclei form
34
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Mitosis is normal cell division, which goes on throughout life in all parts of the body
  • Meiosis is the special cell division that creates the sperm and eggs, the gametes.
  • Reasons for mitosis is GROWTH and REPAIR
  • A cell divides into 2 daughter cells that are identical to their parent cell
  • Goes on throughout life in all parts of the body
35
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A
  • Two layer framework
    Hydrophilic = attracted to water
    Hydrophobic = water hating/repelling
36
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A
  • SA divide by V

- Greater surface area to volume ratio = more efficient exchange of substances

37
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • The process by which one cell splits into two cells
  • A cell that divides is a parent cell
  • One copy of parent cell’s DNA must be passed to both new cells to form new functioning cells of the same type
38
Q

Binary Fission (steps)

A

1- cell grows larger
2- cell undergoes cytokinesis
3- two daughter cells are produced

39
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself and an identical cell is made
40
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A
  • model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
  • the membrane is said to be a fluid mosaic model as fluid = different components can move past each other and mosaic = made up of a mosaic of different molecules

biology stage 1 (1 decks)

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