Chapter 1

Question 1

Creatively

Answer 1

The way speakers produce sentences (not memorization)

Question 2

Rules

Answer 2

The patterns of a language which allow speakers to create and understand sentences which they have never heard before

Question 3

Grammar

Answer 3

The set of rules needed to produce well-formed sentences in a particular language

Question 4

Syntax

Answer 4

The arrangement of words in a sentence

Question 5

Prescriptive

Answer 5

Grammarians telling other people how to talk

Question 6

Lexicon

Answer 6

Mental dictionary…

Question 7

Descriptive

Answer 7

The goal to observe, describe, and analyze what speakers of a language actually say, rather than telling them what they should or should not say

Question 8

Morphology

Answer 8

The internal structure of a words

Question 9

Semantics

Answer 9

Word Meaning

Question 10

Pragmatics

Answer 10

The function of a particular sentence in a particular context

Question 11

Ambiguous

Answer 11

Allowing two or more interpretations

Question 12

Structural ambiguity

Answer 12

Ambiguity coming from constituency structure

Question 13

Framework

Answer 13

A technical vocabulary, a system for representing structural relations, and a set of concepts which are relevant to this task

Question 14

Theories

Answer 14

Factual claims about how language works

Question 15

Predicate

Answer 15

The word which names the action, event, or state described by that clause (typically the verb)

Question 16

Argument structure

Answer 16

A representation of the number and type of arguments associated with a particular predicate

Question 17

Phrase structure

Answer 17

Constituent structure

Question 18

Agent

Answer 18

Causer or initiator of events

Question 19

Experiencer

Answer 19

Animate entity which perceives a stimulus or registers a particular mental or emotional process or state

Question 20

Recipient

Answer 20

Animate entity which receives or acquires something

Question 21

Beneficiary

Answer 21

Entity (usually animate) for whose benefit an action is performed

Question 22

Instrument

Answer 22

Inanimate entity used by an agent to perform some action

Question 23

Theme

Answer 23

Entity which undergoes a change of location or possession, or whose location is being specified

Question 24

Patient

Answer 24

Entity which is acted upon, affected, or created; or of which a state or change of state is predicated

Question 25

Stimulus

Answer 25

Object of perception, cognition, or emotion; entity which is seen, heard, known, remembered, loved, hated, etc.

Question 26

Location

Answer 26

Spatial reference point of the event

Question 27

Source

Answer 27

Origin (or beginning-point)

Question 28

Goal

Answer 28

Destination (or ending-point)

Question 29

Path

Answer 29

Pathway of a motion

Question 30

Adjuncts

Answer 30

Non-arguments, non-obligatory, not unique in its clause, no selectional restrictions from the verb

Question 31

Constituent structure

Answer 31

Contains information about constituent boundaries, linear order, and syntactic categories

Question 32

Phrase structure rules

Answer 32

Simple, context-free rules which define a possible combination of mother and daughter nodes