Chapter 1 Flashcards
Creatively
The way speakers produce sentences (not memorization)
Rules
The patterns of a language which allow speakers to create and understand sentences which they have never heard before
Grammar
The set of rules needed to produce well-formed sentences in a particular language
Syntax
The arrangement of words in a sentence
Prescriptive
Grammarians telling other people how to talk
Lexicon
Mental dictionary…
Descriptive
The goal to observe, describe, and analyze what speakers of a language actually say, rather than telling them what they should or should not say
Morphology
The internal structure of a words
Semantics
Word Meaning
Pragmatics
The function of a particular sentence in a particular context
Ambiguous
Allowing two or more interpretations
Structural ambiguity
Ambiguity coming from constituency structure
Framework
A technical vocabulary, a system for representing structural relations, and a set of concepts which are relevant to this task
Theories
Factual claims about how language works
Predicate
The word which names the action, event, or state described by that clause (typically the verb)
Argument structure
A representation of the number and type of arguments associated with a particular predicate
Phrase structure
Constituent structure
Agent
Causer or initiator of events
Experiencer
Animate entity which perceives a stimulus or registers a particular mental or emotional process or state
Recipient
Animate entity which receives or acquires something
Beneficiary
Entity (usually animate) for whose benefit an action is performed
Instrument
Inanimate entity used by an agent to perform some action
Theme
Entity which undergoes a change of location or possession, or whose location is being specified
Patient
Entity which is acted upon, affected, or created; or of which a state or change of state is predicated
Stimulus
Object of perception, cognition, or emotion; entity which is seen, heard, known, remembered, loved, hated, etc.
Location
Spatial reference point of the event
Source
Origin (or beginning-point)
Goal
Destination (or ending-point)
Path
Pathway of a motion
Adjuncts
Non-arguments, non-obligatory, not unique in its clause, no selectional restrictions from the verb
Constituent structure
Contains information about constituent boundaries, linear order, and syntactic categories
Phrase structure rules
Simple, context-free rules which define a possible combination of mother and daughter nodes
