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Principles of Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the science of body structures and the relationships among them

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Is the science of body functions—how the body parts works.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

From the smallest
to the largest, six levels of organization will help you to understand
anatomy and physiology:

A

The chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system,

and organismal levels of organization

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4
Q

This very basic level can be compared to the
letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and
molecules.

A

Chemical Level

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5
Q

Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. Just as words are the smallest elements of language that make sense, cells are the smallest living units in
the human body.

A

Cellular level

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6
Q

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences. There are just four basic types of tissues in your body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and
nervous tissue.

A

Tissue Level

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7
Q

At the ? level, different types of tissues are
joined together. Similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs, organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

A

Organ Level

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8
Q 
A system (or chapter, in our
language analogy consists of related organs (paragraphs) with a common function.
A

System (organ-system) level.

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9
Q

An organism, any living individual, can be compared to a book in our analogy. All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

A

Organismal level.

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10
Q

is the sum of all chemical processes

that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

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11
Q

One phase of metabolism is ? the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

A

Catabolism

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12
Q

The other phase of metabolism is ? the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

A

Anabolism

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13
Q

Is the body’s ability to detect and respond to

changes.

A

Responsiveness

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14
Q

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs,

single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.

A

Movement

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15
Q

Is an increase in body size that results from an increase

in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

A

Growth

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16
Q

Is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

A

Differentiation

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17
Q

Refers either to (1) the formation of

new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual

A

Reproduction

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18
Q

Is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in

the body’s internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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19
Q

An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of ?, dilute, watery solutions
containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them

A

body fluids

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20
Q

The fluid within cells is

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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21
Q

The fluid outside body cells is

A

Extracellulad Fluid (ECF)

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22
Q

A ?, is a cycle of events in which the status of a body

condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

A

Feedback system

or, feedback loop

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23
Q

? is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

A

Receptor : This pathway is called an afferent pathway, since the information flows toward the control center. Typically, the input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals

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24
Q

in the body, for example, the brain, sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should
be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and
generates output commands when they are needed

A

A control center : Output from
the control center typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones controlled condition in some way, either negating it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback). This pathway is called an efferent
pathway, since the information flows
away from the control center.

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25
Q

A ? reverses a change in a controlled condition. Consider the regulation of blood pressure.

A

negative feedback system

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26
Q

Unlike a negative feedback system, a
? tends to strengthen or reinforce a change
in one of the body’s controlled conditions

A

positive feedback system : Normal childbirth provides a good example of a positive feedback
system

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27
Q

? is a body structure that receives output

from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

A

An effector

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28
Q

Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference called the

A

anatomical position

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29
Q

Two terms describe a reclining body. If the body is lying facedown, it is in the 1) position. If the body is lying faceup, it is in the 2) position

A

1) prone ; 2) supine

30
Q

The ? consists of the skull and face. The skull encloses and protects the brain; the face is the front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth,forehead, cheeks, and chin.

A

head

31
Q

The ? supports the head and

attaches it to the trunk

A

neck

32
Q

The ? consists of the chest, abdomen,

and pelvis.

A

trunk

33
Q

Each ? attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow), forearm (portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist), wrist, and hand.

A

Upper limb

34
Q

Each ? also attaches to the trunk and
consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of the limb from the buttock to the knee), leg (portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot.

A

lower limb

35
Q

The ? is the area on the front surface of the body

marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk , attaches to the thighs

A

groin

36
Q

To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific ? , words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.

A

directional terms

37
Q

Toward the head or the upper part of a structure

A

Superior

38
Q

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

A

Inferior

39
Q

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

A

Anterior

40
Q

Nearer to or at the back of the body

A

Posterior

41
Q

Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that

divides the body into equal left and right sides)

A

Medial

42
Q

Farther from the midline

A

Lateral

43
Q

Between two structures

A

Intermediate

44
Q

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

A

Contralateral

45
Q

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to

the origination of a structure

A

Proximal

46
Q

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk;

farther from the origination of a structure.

A

Distal

47
Q

Toward or on the surface of the body.

A

Superficial

48
Q

Away from the surface of the body

A

Deep

49
Q

You will also study parts of the body relative to ?, imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

A

Planes

50
Q

is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

A

sagittal plane

51
Q

More specifically, when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides, it is called a ?

A

midsagittal plane or a median plane.

52
Q

The ? is an imaginary vertical line

that divides the body into equal left and right sides.

A

midline

53
Q

If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides, it is called a

A

para-sagittal plane

54
Q

A ? divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

A

frontal or coronal plane

55
Q

A ? divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Other names for a ? are a cross-sectional or horizontal plane.

A

transverse plane

56
Q

? by contrast, passes through the body or

an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle

A

Oblique Plane

57
Q

A ? is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.

A

section

58
Q

? are spaces that enclose internal organs.

A

Body Cavities

59
Q

The cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called the ? which contains the brain

A

cranial cavity

60
Q

The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) ? which contains the spinal cord

A

the vertebral (spinal) canal

61
Q

Three layers of protective tissue, ? and a shock-absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord

A

the meninges

62
Q

? is formed by the ribs, the

muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.

A

thoracic cavity or chest cavity

63
Q

Within the thoracic cavity are 1) , a fluidfilled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid-filled spaces
called 2) one around each lung.

A

1) the pericardial cavity 2) pleural cavities

64
Q

The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical

region called the ?

A

mediastinum

65
Q

The ?extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.

A

abdominopelvic cavity

66
Q

The superior portion, ? contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

A

the abdominal cavity

67
Q

The inferior portion, the 1), contains the urinary bladder,
portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system. Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are
called 2).

A

1) pelvic cavity 2) viscera

68
Q

A ? is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions,
or connects structures.

A

membrane

69
Q

One example is a slippery, double-layered

membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior called ?

A

serous membrane

70
Q

To describe location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs more easily, anatomists and clinicians use two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas Two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas. In the first method, two horizontal and two vertical lines, aligned like a tic-tac-toe grid, partition this cavity into nine abdominopelvic region.

A

Nine abdominopelvic regions are : The
superior horizontal line, the subcostal line , passes across the lowest level of the 10th costal cartilages ; the inferior horizontal line, the transtubercular line, passes across the superior margins of the iliac crests of the right and left hip bone ). Two vertical lines, the left and right midclavicular lines , are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones), just medial to the nipples. The four lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity into a
larger middle section and smaller left and right sections. The names of the nine abdominopelvic regions are right hypochondriac ), epigastric , left hypochondriac, right
lumbar, umbilical , left lumbar, right inguinal (iliac)
hypogastric (pubic), and lefty inguinal.

71
Q

The second method is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into ?

A

quadrants . In this method, a midsagittal line (the median line) and a transverse line (the transumbilical line) are passed through the umbilicus or belly button. The names of the abdominopelvic quadrants are right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant
(LLQ).

Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

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