Chapter 1 Flashcards
Is the science of body structures and the relationships among them
Anatomy
Is the science of body functions—how the body parts works.
Physiology
From the smallest
to the largest, six levels of organization will help you to understand
anatomy and physiology:
The chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system,
and organismal levels of organization
This very basic level can be compared to the
letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and
molecules.
Chemical Level
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. Just as words are the smallest elements of language that make sense, cells are the smallest living units in
the human body.
Cellular level
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences. There are just four basic types of tissues in your body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and
nervous tissue.
Tissue Level
At the ? level, different types of tissues are
joined together. Similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs, organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
Organ Level
A system (or chapter, in our language analogy consists of related organs (paragraphs) with a common function.
System (organ-system) level.
An organism, any living individual, can be compared to a book in our analogy. All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism
Organismal level.
is the sum of all chemical processes
that occur in the body
Metabolism
One phase of metabolism is ? the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
The other phase of metabolism is ? the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Anabolism
Is the body’s ability to detect and respond to
changes.
Responsiveness
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs,
single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
Movement
Is an increase in body size that results from an increase
in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
Growth
Is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Differentiation
Refers either to (1) the formation of
new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual
Reproduction
Is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in
the body’s internal environment.
Homeostasis
An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of ?, dilute, watery solutions
containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
body fluids
The fluid within cells is
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
The fluid outside body cells is
Extracellulad Fluid (ECF)
A ?, is a cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Feedback system
or, feedback loop
? is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
Receptor : This pathway is called an afferent pathway, since the information flows toward the control center. Typically, the input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals
in the body, for example, the brain, sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should
be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and
generates output commands when they are needed
A control center : Output from
the control center typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones controlled condition in some way, either negating it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback). This pathway is called an efferent
pathway, since the information flows
away from the control center.
A ? reverses a change in a controlled condition. Consider the regulation of blood pressure.
negative feedback system
Unlike a negative feedback system, a
? tends to strengthen or reinforce a change
in one of the body’s controlled conditions
positive feedback system : Normal childbirth provides a good example of a positive feedback
system
? is a body structure that receives output
from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
An effector
Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference called the
anatomical position
Two terms describe a reclining body. If the body is lying facedown, it is in the 1) position. If the body is lying faceup, it is in the 2) position
1) prone ; 2) supine
The ? consists of the skull and face. The skull encloses and protects the brain; the face is the front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth,forehead, cheeks, and chin.
head
The ? supports the head and
attaches it to the trunk
neck
The ? consists of the chest, abdomen,
and pelvis.
trunk
Each ? attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow), forearm (portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist), wrist, and hand.
Upper limb
Each ? also attaches to the trunk and
consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of the limb from the buttock to the knee), leg (portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot.
lower limb
The ? is the area on the front surface of the body
marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk , attaches to the thighs
groin
To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific ? , words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.
directional terms
Toward the head or the upper part of a structure
Superior
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
Inferior
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Anterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Posterior
Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that
divides the body into equal left and right sides)
Medial
Farther from the midline
Lateral
Between two structures
Intermediate
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Contralateral
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to
the origination of a structure
Proximal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk;
farther from the origination of a structure.
Distal
Toward or on the surface of the body.
Superficial
Away from the surface of the body
Deep
You will also study parts of the body relative to ?, imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
Planes
is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
sagittal plane
More specifically, when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides, it is called a ?
midsagittal plane or a median plane.
The ? is an imaginary vertical line
that divides the body into equal left and right sides.
midline
If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides, it is called a
para-sagittal plane
A ? divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
frontal or coronal plane
A ? divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Other names for a ? are a cross-sectional or horizontal plane.
transverse plane
? by contrast, passes through the body or
an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle
Oblique Plane
A ? is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.
section
? are spaces that enclose internal organs.
Body Cavities
The cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called the ? which contains the brain
cranial cavity
The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) ? which contains the spinal cord
the vertebral (spinal) canal
Three layers of protective tissue, ? and a shock-absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord
the meninges
? is formed by the ribs, the
muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
thoracic cavity or chest cavity
Within the thoracic cavity are 1) , a fluidfilled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid-filled spaces
called 2) one around each lung.
1) the pericardial cavity 2) pleural cavities
The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical
region called the ?
mediastinum
The ?extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
abdominopelvic cavity
The superior portion, ? contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
the abdominal cavity
The inferior portion, the 1), contains the urinary bladder,
portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system. Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are
called 2).
1) pelvic cavity 2) viscera
A ? is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions,
or connects structures.
membrane
One example is a slippery, double-layered
membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior called ?
serous membrane
To describe location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs more easily, anatomists and clinicians use two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas Two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas. In the first method, two horizontal and two vertical lines, aligned like a tic-tac-toe grid, partition this cavity into nine abdominopelvic region.
Nine abdominopelvic regions are : The
superior horizontal line, the subcostal line , passes across the lowest level of the 10th costal cartilages ; the inferior horizontal line, the transtubercular line, passes across the superior margins of the iliac crests of the right and left hip bone ). Two vertical lines, the left and right midclavicular lines , are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones), just medial to the nipples. The four lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity into a
larger middle section and smaller left and right sections. The names of the nine abdominopelvic regions are right hypochondriac ), epigastric , left hypochondriac, right
lumbar, umbilical , left lumbar, right inguinal (iliac)
hypogastric (pubic), and lefty inguinal.
The second method is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into ?
quadrants . In this method, a midsagittal line (the median line) and a transverse line (the transumbilical line) are passed through the umbilicus or belly button. The names of the abdominopelvic quadrants are right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant
(LLQ).
