Chapter 1

Question 1

How many cells are in the human body?

Answer 1

37 trillion cells

Question 2

What’s the ratio of bacterial cells to eukaryotic cells in the human body?

Answer 2

10:1

Question 3

Are there more bacterial or eukaryotic cells in the human body?

Answer 3

Bacterial cells > eukaryotic cells

Question 4

What was the understanding of ‘cell theory’ prior to the 1600s?

Answer 4

Organisms are complete and inseparable into smaller parts

Question 5

Robert Hooke

Answer 5

• assembled a crude compound microscope in 1665
• looked at a piece of cork
• noticed ‘honey-comb’ - like structure
• compared the small compartments to the rooms of a monastery called ‘cells’
• characterization of springs; Hooke’s Law

Question 6

T or F: Robert Hooke was the first to view living cells

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What is cork?

Answer 7

Cork consists of desiccated nonliving cells; first viewed under a microscope by Robert Hooke

Question 8

Anton van Leewenhoek

Answer 8

• first to view living cell in 1674

Question 9

Who was the first to view non-living cells?

Answer 9

Robert Hooke

Question 10

Where does the term ‘cells’ originate from?

Answer 10

Based on Robert Hooke’s comparison of the small compartments in cork to the small rooms of a monastery that are called cells

Question 11

What is the function of a tissue dependent on?

Answer 11

On the functions of the cells that make up the tissue

Question 12

Rudolph Virchow

Answer 12

demonstrated that diseased cells can arise from normal cells in normal tissues in 1850

Question 13

The cell theory

Answer 13

1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the most fundamental unit of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This genetic information is passed from parent to daughter cell.

Question 14

Which tenets of the cell theory do viruses violate?

Answer 14

3 because virions can only replicate by invading a host

4 because viruses use ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic information

Question 15

Are viruses living or non living?

Answer 15

non-living

Question 16

Prokaryotic

Answer 16

Does not contain a nucleus; always single celled

Question 17

Eukaryotic

Answer 17

Contains a nucleus enclosed in a membrane; can be uni or multicellular, with membrane enclosed organelles

Question 18

What structure do membranes of a eukaryotic cell have?

Answer 18

Phospholipid bilayer structure

Question 19

Where are the organelles of a eukaryotic cell suspended?

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

What portion of a phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic, and which portion is hydrophobic?

Answer 20

The interior is hydrophobic, and the exterior portions are hydrophilic

Question 21

What is the purpose of the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid bilayer of a cell?

Answer 21

allows for the electrostatic interactions of the membrane with its aqueous environment inside and outside the cell (on both surfaces of the membrane)

Question 22

what is the purpose of the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane?

Answer 22

provides a highly selective barrier

Question 23

What allows for the passive diffusion of molecules within the cell?

Answer 23

the cytosol

Question 24

What is the result of eukaryotic cell division?

Answer 24

Eukaryotic cell division results in two identical daughter cells (mitosis)

Question 25

T or F: the nucleus contains all genetic material of the cell

Answer 25

false; it contains all genetic material required for replication

Question 26

what is the nucleus enclosed by?

Answer 26

the nuclear membrane/envelope

Question 27

how many layers is the nuclear envelope made of?

Answer 27

2 layers

Question 28

nuclear pores

Answer 28

located on the nuclear envelope; allow selective two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 29

How does the nuclear envelope compartmentalize transcription and translation?

Answer 29

it creates two distinct environments in the cytoplasm and nucleus; transcription (DNA to hnRNA to mRNA) occurs in the nucleus and translation (mRNA to peptide) occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 30

what are the coding regions of DNA called?

Answer 30

genes

Question 31

genes

Answer 31

coding regions of the DNA

Question 32

histones

Answer 32

Linear DNA is wrapped around these organizing protein structures

Question 33

what protein is linear DNA wrapped around?

Answer 33

histones

Question 34

describe the way DNA is organized in the nucleus

Answer 34

linear DNA is wrapped around organizing structures called histones, which are wound into linear strands called chromosomes

Question 35

nucleolus

Answer 35

the nucleolus is a subsection of the nucleus that synthesizes rRNA

Question 36

what part of the cell is involved in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA?

Answer 36

nucleolus

Question 37

how much of the nucleus (% volume) is made up by the nucleolus?

Answer 37

25%

Question 38

You are looking at a close up of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and see a dark spot. What is this?

Answer 38

the nucleolus

Question 39

what organelle is called the powerplant of the cell?

Answer 39

mitochondria

Question 40

what are the two layers of the mitochondria called?

Answer 40

inner and outer membranes