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Veterinary Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to maintain internal stability; relatively constant and favorable.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

a study of the normal function of cells, tissues, and organs in living organisms.

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3
Q

Pathophysiology

A

describes abnormal body functions, especially those mechanisms known to be altered by diseases.

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4
Q

Total body water (TBW)

A
  • All of the water in the animal body
  • Approximately 67-70% of body weight
  • Mostly intracellular or extracellular fluid
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5
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A
  • All body fluid outside of cells.
  • Comprises about 30% of TBW
  • Includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, & transcellular fluid.
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6
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A
  • All body fluid inside of cells.

* Comprises about 70% of TBW

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7
Q

Interstitial Fluid (ISF)

A
  • Main component of extracellular fluid
  • Solution that surrounds cells; found in interstitial spaces (tissue spaces)
  • about 20% of TBW
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8
Q

Osmolarity

A
  • The measure of solute concentration.
  • number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per L of solution
  • Osmolarity of most body fluids is about 300 mOsm/l
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9
Q

Osmolality

A

Osmoles per kilogram of solvent

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10
Q

Mole

A

unit of measurement to express amounts of chemical substance

  • Avogadro’s constant=6.023 x 10^23
  • mole of NaCl= 58.5g
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11
Q

Freezing Point Depression

A

describes the process in which adding a solute to a solvent decreases the freezing point of the solvent.

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12
Q

Acidosis

A

an increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue (i.e. an increased hydrogen ion concentration)
*pH falls below 7.35

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13
Q

Alkalosis

A

reduced hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma

*pH of blood exceeds 7.45

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14
Q

Hypernatremia

A

an electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood.
*generally not caused by an excess of sodium, but rather by a deficit of free water in the body (Dehydration)

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15
Q

Hyponatremia

A

an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium ion concentration in the serum is lower than normal.

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16
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated.

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17
Q

Hypokalemia

A

refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood is low.

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18
Q

Hypercapnia

A

a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood.

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19
Q

Hypercarbia

A

another name of hypercapnia; too much carbon dioxide in the blood.

20
Q

Azotemia

A

a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds. (urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood)
*Insufficient filtering of blood by the kidneys.

21
Q

Deciliter

A

10 deciliters in a liter; 100 ml in a deciliter

22
Q

Blood Plasma

A
  • Portion of extracellular fluid; fluid portion of blood.
  • About 92% is water; most of the rest is protein.
  • 7-9% of TBW
23
Q

Transcellular Fluid

A
  • Portion of extracellular fluid found within epithelial lined spaces.
  • 1-3% TBW
  • includes CSF, aqueous humor, secretions, tubular fluid, etc.
24
Q

Dehydration

A

*Loss of water; expressed in percent body weight
(A) 5%= skin has doughy consistency
(B) 7%= loss of skin elasticity; eyeballs appear sunken; urine has high specific gravity
(C) 10-12%= involuntary muscle twitching & shock
(D) 15%= severe shock and a moribund state

25
Q

Major Intracellular Solutes

A
  1. Potassium
  2. Phosphate
  3. Magnesium
26
Q

Major Extracellular Solutes

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Chloride
  3. Bicarbonate
27
Q

Importance of Ion Content

*Electrolyte depletion (K+ or Ca++)

A

Extreme weakness and abnormal cardiac function.

28
Q

Importance of Ion Content

*Narrow range of pH

A

Most cellular biochemical reactions are dependent on a very narrow range of H+ concentration. Life may be threatened if the blood pH varies more than 0.3 unit.

  • Normal pH=7.4
  • pH=-log[H+]
29
Q

Importance of Ion Content

*Deficiency of plasma HCO^3-

A

Severe metabolic acidosis

30
Q

Importance of Ion Content

*Alteration in Na+ concentration of body fluids

A

has a serious effect on the hydration status of the animal; water follows Na+

31
Q

More concentrated inside of outside of the cell?

  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Cl-
  4. Ca++
  5. Mg++
  6. Protein
A
  1. (Na+) Extracellular
  2. (K+) Intracellular
  3. (Cl-) Extracellular
  4. (Ca++) Extracellular
  5. (Mg++) Intracellular
  6. (Protein) Intracellular
32
Q

Hypoosmolal states

A

Cause water to shift from the ECF to the ICF.

33
Q

Hyperosmolar states

A

Casue water to move from the ICF to the ECF; usually casued by hypernatremia or hyperglycemia.

34
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High levels of glucose in the blood.

35
Q

Measurement of volume of compartment by an indicator

A

Volume= Quantity of indicator added/ Concentration of indicator

**Subtract anything lost from the numerator.

36
Q

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

A

Percentage of whole blood that is occupied by red blood cells.
**Also termed Hematocrit (Hct)

37
Q

What are the 4 ways to measure solute concentration?

A
  1. Mass/Volume
  2. Molecular Concentration/Volume
  3. Particle #/Volume
  4. Electrochemical reactivity/Volume
38
Q

Average osmolarity of serum, and which ion is it most dependent on?

A

about 300 mOsm/L; Na+

39
Q

How do you measure fluid compartment size?

A

Indicator dilution; Amount of indicator added/concentration of marker when completely diffused= volume of compartment

40
Q

What indicator do you use to measure total body water?

What additional change must you account for when using the indicator dilution principle?

A

Deuterium Oxide (D2O)

You have to subtract any amount of indicator lost (urine).

Total D2O-amount lost/concentration of D2O after dilution= Total body water

41
Q

What indicator do you use to measure blood plasma volume?

How do you use this measurement to find Total blood volume?

A

Evan’s Blue

Blood Volume= plasma volume x (100/(100-PCV))

42
Q

How do you determine Interstitial fluid volume?

A

Difference between the volume of extracellular fluid and plasma

43
Q

How do you determine extracellular fluid volume?

A

A substance called inulin is added in the extracellular fluid. Inulin is collected through the urine at different intervals and measured.

Volume=total inulin collected in urine/concentration of inulin in beginning

44
Q

How do you determine Intracellular fluid volume?

A

Calculate the difference between total body water and extracellular fluid volume.

45
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

causes a cell to swell

46
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

causes a cell to shrink

Veterinary Physiology (3 decks)

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