Chapter 1

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

Early school of psychology = introspection to explore structural elements of the human mind

Question 2

Biological Perspective/Psychology

Answer 2

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis + how body/brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences

Question 3

Social Psychologist/Psychology

Answer 3

Studying way people relate to others + behavior/thinking vary based on situations/cultures

Question 4

John B. Watson

Answer 4

Founder of behaviorism

Question 5

Evolutionary Perspective/Psychology

Answer 5

Examines behavioral processes in adaptive value + natural selection of traits promotes perpetuation of one’s genes

Question 6

Psychoanalysis

Answer 6

Established by Sigmund Freud = personality shaped by unconscious motives/drives/conflicts = instincts

Question 7

Humanist

Answer 7

Optimistic view of human beings = ability to grow (human potential) + transcend from effects of environmental partially = reaction against deterministic view of human beings = full potential journey

Question 8

B.F. Skinner

Answer 8

Behaviorist who focused on observable behavior.

Question 9

Cognitive Psychology/Psychologist

Answer 9

Science of how brain processes information + generates illustrations of reality + encode, process, store, retrieve info = thoughts –> decisions

Question 10

Counseling Psychologist

Answer 10

Concerned /w “normal” problems of life adjustments

Question 11

William James

Answer 11

Functional psychologist + inspirational + criticized for interest in mental telepathy, clairvoyance, spiritualism, communication /w dead = looked at “why” & established functionalism

Question 12

Psychiatry

Answer 12

Branch of medicine concerning psychological disturbances

Question 13

Functionalism

Answer 13

Established by William James

Question 14

Sigmund Freud

Answer 14

Psychoanalytic theorist + attempted to explain personality, motivation, mental disorders based on unconscious determinants of behavior // Psychoanalysis established + personality shaped by unconscious motives + most influential, but controversial thinker of all times

Question 15

Clinical Psychologist

Answer 15

Interested in diagnosis, cause, treatment of psychological disorders

Question 16

Behaviorism

Answer 16

Based on observable behavior/responses + gained attention through Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson

Question 17

Briefly discuss and contrast the five schools of psychological thought that were developed after Freud’s psychodynamic theory.

Answer 17

Early Schools of Thought.
Gestalt Psychology.
Behaviorism. - How we learn observable responses.
Psychoanalysis - how behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts = instinct
Humanistic Psychology. - How do we reach our full potential, or ‘self-actualize,’ and what prevents us from doing so?”
Cognitive Psychology. - How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information = thoughts → decisions.

Question 18

Briefly summarize the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology.

Answer 18

(1) prepared learning, (2) inclusive fitness and kin selection, (3) reciprocity and cooperation, and (4) parental investment. How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes.

Question 19

How do a psychologist and psychiatrist differ? How are they the same?

Answer 19

Because psychiatrists are trained medical doctors, they can prescribe medications, and they spend much of their time with patients on medication management as a course of treatment. Psychologists focus extensively on psychotherapy and treating emotional and mental suffering in patients with behavioral intervention.

Question 20

Discuss the contributions of structuralism and functionalism to the evolution of psychology as a discipline.

Answer 20

Structuralism played a role in the drive to make psychology a more experimental science, while functionalism laid the groundwork for the development of behaviorism. By understanding these two schools of thought, you can gain a greater appreciation of how psychology developed into the discipline it is today. The first psychology lab was set up by Wilhelm Wundt. He was joined by Edward Bradford Titchener and they introduced the school of thought known as structuralism. William James looked at the “why” and established functionalism. How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes.

Question 21

Health Psychology

Answer 21

How biology, psychology, behavior, social factors influence health/illness // field focuses on promoting health + prevention/treatment of disease/illness

Question 22

Educational Psychology

Answer 22

Scientific study of human learning + involves study of memory, conceptual processes, individual differences (via cognitive psychology) in conceptualizing new strategies for learning processes in humans

Question 23

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Answer 23

Scientifically-based solutions to human problems in work/other organizational settings

Question 24

Nature v. Nurture

Answer 24

(1) Influenced by genetic inheritance + biological factors

(2) Influence of external factors after conception (ie. product of exposure) life experiences, learning

Question 25

Roger Sperry

Answer 25

Discovered that human beings are of two minds = right + left = can operate practically independently