Chapter 1 Flashcards
Structuralism
Early school of psychology = introspection to explore structural elements of the human mind
Biological Perspective/Psychology
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis + how body/brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences
Social Psychologist/Psychology
Studying way people relate to others + behavior/thinking vary based on situations/cultures
John B. Watson
Founder of behaviorism
Evolutionary Perspective/Psychology
Examines behavioral processes in adaptive value + natural selection of traits promotes perpetuation of one’s genes
Psychoanalysis
Established by Sigmund Freud = personality shaped by unconscious motives/drives/conflicts = instincts
Humanist
Optimistic view of human beings = ability to grow (human potential) + transcend from effects of environmental partially = reaction against deterministic view of human beings = full potential journey
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist who focused on observable behavior.
Cognitive Psychology/Psychologist
Science of how brain processes information + generates illustrations of reality + encode, process, store, retrieve info = thoughts –> decisions
Counseling Psychologist
Concerned /w “normal” problems of life adjustments
William James
Functional psychologist + inspirational + criticized for interest in mental telepathy, clairvoyance, spiritualism, communication /w dead = looked at “why” & established functionalism
Psychiatry
Branch of medicine concerning psychological disturbances
Functionalism
Established by William James
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic theorist + attempted to explain personality, motivation, mental disorders based on unconscious determinants of behavior // Psychoanalysis established + personality shaped by unconscious motives + most influential, but controversial thinker of all times
Clinical Psychologist
Interested in diagnosis, cause, treatment of psychological disorders
Behaviorism
Based on observable behavior/responses + gained attention through Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson
Briefly discuss and contrast the five schools of psychological thought that were developed after Freud’s psychodynamic theory.
Early Schools of Thought.
Gestalt Psychology.
Behaviorism. - How we learn observable responses.
Psychoanalysis - how behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts = instinct
Humanistic Psychology. - How do we reach our full potential, or ‘self-actualize,’ and what prevents us from doing so?”
Cognitive Psychology. - How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information = thoughts → decisions.
Briefly summarize the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology.
(1) prepared learning, (2) inclusive fitness and kin selection, (3) reciprocity and cooperation, and (4) parental investment. How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes.
How do a psychologist and psychiatrist differ? How are they the same?
Because psychiatrists are trained medical doctors, they can prescribe medications, and they spend much of their time with patients on medication management as a course of treatment. Psychologists focus extensively on psychotherapy and treating emotional and mental suffering in patients with behavioral intervention.
Discuss the contributions of structuralism and functionalism to the evolution of psychology as a discipline.
Structuralism played a role in the drive to make psychology a more experimental science, while functionalism laid the groundwork for the development of behaviorism. By understanding these two schools of thought, you can gain a greater appreciation of how psychology developed into the discipline it is today. The first psychology lab was set up by Wilhelm Wundt. He was joined by Edward Bradford Titchener and they introduced the school of thought known as structuralism. William James looked at the “why” and established functionalism. How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes.
Health Psychology
How biology, psychology, behavior, social factors influence health/illness // field focuses on promoting health + prevention/treatment of disease/illness
Educational Psychology
Scientific study of human learning + involves study of memory, conceptual processes, individual differences (via cognitive psychology) in conceptualizing new strategies for learning processes in humans
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Scientifically-based solutions to human problems in work/other organizational settings
Nature v. Nurture
(1) Influenced by genetic inheritance + biological factors
(2) Influence of external factors after conception (ie. product of exposure) life experiences, learning
Roger Sperry
Discovered that human beings are of two minds = right + left = can operate practically independently
