Chapter 1

Question 1

What is the Beringian Theory?

Answer 1

The first Americans were Native Americans who crossed Beringia about 14,000 years ago, where tribes and confederations began to emerge.

Question 2

What are some features of the first Americans?

Answer 2

• cultivated Maize (leading to settlements/trade)

- mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies in permanent villages

Question 3

What are other theories about the first Americans?

Answer 3

Land Bridge Hypothesis, Solutrean Hypothesis, Coastal Migration Hypothesis

Question 4

Who invented the Cherokee alphabet?

Answer 4

Sequoyah

Question 5

Who was Chief of the Mandan Tribe?

Answer 5

Sheheke

Question 6

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?

Answer 6

(1494) In the Treaty of Tordesillas, Pope Alexander VI allowed Portugal to trade east and Spain to trade west

Question 7

What tribes were part of the Iroquois Confederation?

Answer 7

Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora

Question 8

What did the Old World Get from the New World?

Answer 8

Corn, gold, potatoes, syphilis (a healthier diet, higher life expectancy)

Question 9

What did the New World get from the Old World?

Answer 9

Wheat, sugar, rice, DISEASES (smallpox, flu, whooping cough)

Question 10

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 10

(1492+) An explosion of international commerce between the Old World and the New World

Question 11

What was the Taino Genocide?

Answer 11

(1492-1518) 85% of the the Native American population died from genocide or disease (~3 million) in La Taina

Question 12

What is the Black Legend?

Answer 12

The Spanish only caused destruction to the Native population, and did not give them anything new.

Question 13

How did Spain become a world power?

Answer 13

Through their conquest of the Native Americans, gold from the New World was used to make Spain rich.

Question 14

Who was Hernan Cortes?

Answer 14

(1519-1521) He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico for Spain

Question 15

Who was Francisco Pizarro?

Answer 15

(1532) He destroyed the Incas in Peru

Question 16

Who was Bishop Bartolome?

Answer 16

(1522-1542) He was the “Protector of the Indians” who influenced more humane treatment of Native Americans (The New Laws), and wrote “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indians”

Question 17

What was the Caste System?

Answer 17

The Caste System in Spain was a form of forced slavery that forced Christianity and slave labor on Native Americans

Question 18

What was the order of the Caste System in Spain? (lowest to highest class)

Answer 18

Enslaved persons, Native American Indians, Mestizos, Creoles, Peninsulares

Question 19

Good consequences of the Columbian Exchange

Answer 19

Increased trade, higher life expectancy in Europe, a more varied diet

Question 20

Bad consequences of the Columbian Exchange

Answer 20

Trade of disease, enslaved Native Americans, decreased Native population

Question 21

Who was Hatuey?

Answer 21

Hateuy was the leader of the Taino people during the Taino Genocide. He led an unsuccessful rebellion against the Spanish

Question 22

Who was Juan Gines de Sepulveda?

Answer 22

(16th Century) He was a Spanish philosopher who advocated for Native slavery after seeing a human sacrifice

Question 23

What was Pope’s Rebellion?

Answer 23

(1680) After 47 medicine men were arrested for witchcraft, there was an unsuccessful Pueblo uprising against Spanish imperialism

Question 24

What was the Middle Passage?

Answer 24

A pathway for slaves coming from West Africa. The passage included stops for trading materials such as sugar and tobacco

Question 25

What led to West Africans being used as slaves?

Answer 25

Due to inhumane conditions and Old World Conditions, enslaved Native Americans began to die off. This led to th Spanish importing slaves from West Africa