Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the Beringian Theory?
The first Americans were Native Americans who crossed Beringia about 14,000 years ago, where tribes and confederations began to emerge.
What are some features of the first Americans?
- cultivated Maize (leading to settlements/trade)
- mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies in permanent villages
What are other theories about the first Americans?
Land Bridge Hypothesis, Solutrean Hypothesis, Coastal Migration Hypothesis
Who invented the Cherokee alphabet?
Sequoyah
Who was Chief of the Mandan Tribe?
Sheheke
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?
(1494) In the Treaty of Tordesillas, Pope Alexander VI allowed Portugal to trade east and Spain to trade west
What tribes were part of the Iroquois Confederation?
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora
What did the Old World Get from the New World?
Corn, gold, potatoes, syphilis (a healthier diet, higher life expectancy)
What did the New World get from the Old World?
Wheat, sugar, rice, DISEASES (smallpox, flu, whooping cough)
What was the Columbian Exchange?
(1492+) An explosion of international commerce between the Old World and the New World
What was the Taino Genocide?
(1492-1518) 85% of the the Native American population died from genocide or disease (~3 million) in La Taina
What is the Black Legend?
The Spanish only caused destruction to the Native population, and did not give them anything new.
How did Spain become a world power?
Through their conquest of the Native Americans, gold from the New World was used to make Spain rich.
Who was Hernan Cortes?
(1519-1521) He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico for Spain
Who was Francisco Pizarro?
(1532) He destroyed the Incas in Peru
Who was Bishop Bartolome?
(1522-1542) He was the “Protector of the Indians” who influenced more humane treatment of Native Americans (The New Laws), and wrote “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indians”
What was the Caste System?
The Caste System in Spain was a form of forced slavery that forced Christianity and slave labor on Native Americans
What was the order of the Caste System in Spain? (lowest to highest class)
Enslaved persons, Native American Indians, Mestizos, Creoles, Peninsulares
Good consequences of the Columbian Exchange
Increased trade, higher life expectancy in Europe, a more varied diet
Bad consequences of the Columbian Exchange
Trade of disease, enslaved Native Americans, decreased Native population
Who was Hatuey?
Hateuy was the leader of the Taino people during the Taino Genocide. He led an unsuccessful rebellion against the Spanish
Who was Juan Gines de Sepulveda?
(16th Century) He was a Spanish philosopher who advocated for Native slavery after seeing a human sacrifice
What was Pope’s Rebellion?
(1680) After 47 medicine men were arrested for witchcraft, there was an unsuccessful Pueblo uprising against Spanish imperialism
What was the Middle Passage?
A pathway for slaves coming from West Africa. The passage included stops for trading materials such as sugar and tobacco
What led to West Africans being used as slaves?
Due to inhumane conditions and Old World Conditions, enslaved Native Americans began to die off. This led to th Spanish importing slaves from West Africa
