Chapter 1

Question 1

3 phases of carcinogenesis

Answer 1

Initiation (DNA damage occurs), promotion (cells stimulated to grow), progression (tumor grows and invades nearby tissues)

Question 2

Common factors associated with incidence and progression of cancer

Answer 2

Internal environment (hormones, immune system), external environment (infections, environmental toxins), and unhealthy behaviors

Question 3

Examples of diet-related factors that can increase cancer risk (DNA adducts–part of DNA attached to a cancer-causing chemical)

Answer 3

Cooking meats at high temperatures, exposure to environmental toxins (aflatoxins), BPA, excessive nutrient doses

Question 4

Which nutrient is vital for accurate DNA synthesis and repair?

Answer 4

Folate (but needs to be inhibited in cancer cells by using Methotrexate). Use folate in form of leucovorin calcium during methotrexate toxicity.

Question 5

Detoxification of carcinogens

Answer 5

Isothiacyanates, flavonoids

Question 6

Protection of DNA from oxidation

Answer 6

Vit A, D, E, and selenium

Question 7

DNA repair

Answer 7

Folate, selenium, lycopene, retinoids,

Question 8

Cell cycle regulation

Answer 8

Polyphenols, retinoids, folate, selenium

Question 9

Promotion of cell differentiation

Answer 9

Long chain O-3 fatty acids, vit D, retinoic acid

Question 10

Induction of apoptosis

Answer 10

Curcumin, polyphenols, sulforaphane, Isothiacyanates, quercetin, lycopene

Question 11

Prevention of angiogenesis

Answer 11

Indol-3-carbinol, curcumin

Question 12

Suppression of inflammation

Answer 12

Indol-3-carbinol, O-3 FAs

Question 13

Regulation of hormonal signals

Answer 13

vitamin D, soy isoflavones, carotenoids

Question 14

Cancer statistics

Answer 14

1.8 million new cases in 2020, 600,000 deaths in 2020 (1 in 4 deaths)

Question 15

Tumor staging

Answer 15

T (primary tumor), N (local lymph nodes), M (distant metastasis)