Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is a distribution?
Collection of components that form a system
Which command in Linux tells us a distribution?
lsb_release -a
What’s hardware?
Physical device being used as a compute resource
What’s a Linux Kernel?
FOSS OS kernel. The kernel is the framework that connects the application layer to the hardware of a computer
How is hardware incorporated into the file hierarchy?
Through the /dev and /sys directories?
Where in the file directory is process information located?
In /sys
What is the command for the operating system release?
uname -r
Define GNU Core Utilities
The basic file, shell, and text manipulation utilities of the GNU OS. These are the foundational utilities expected to exist on every OS
What’s the X Server? Does it depend on the framework?
X Server is the display server for the X windows system; a framework for the GUI environment
X is an architecture agnostic framework for remote graphical user interfaces and input devices. The X server itself was designed to be used over network connections.
What’s a GUI?
Graphical User Interface, or the Desktop environment
What’s an embedded system?
It’s a combination of hardware and software for a purpose
Cloud is…
Software and services that run and are available on the internet. It’s a collection of data centers providing compute, application, and storage services over the internet.
What’s a cloud region?
Each location where cloud is hosted.
What are cloud availability zones?
These are data centers that comprise a region. Availability zones are typically connected to each other through low-latency connections. This provides more local level of fault tolerance and stability as data may be stored in multiple centers within the region.
What is a subnet?
A subnet is a local network instance for the compute resource in the cloud. There may be multiple computer instances, or virtual servers, replicated into additional availability zones in additional regions.
What does the last command do?
Last command shows us the last time we logged into the system + who the user was
Which command tells us how long the machine has been up?
uptime
Which command includes directory entries whose names begin with a dot?
ls -a
Which app is an office suite developed by the Apache software foundation and is free to use for any purpose? What is its alternative?
OpenOffice; Libre office
What’s a server? What’s a simplest example of that?
It’s an open-source application that provides client services. Simplest example is a web server
What is an apache HTTP server? What does it permit?
It’s a highly popular, free, and open-source web server service application.
It permits web content to be served by the host and may use compiled modules to extend the core functionality of the service
What does Apache host do?
It is listening for connections. When it receives those connections, that are usually from a web browser, it serves the content to a web browser.
What is an NGINX?
NGINX is a web server that can also be used for reverse proxy, load balancing, mail proxy, and HTTP caching
Proxy means that the server can “proxy” [to do] requests for something else
What is mySQL?
It’s an open-source relational DB management system.
What is a lamp stack and what is it used for?
The stack of Linux, Apache, and PHP/Perl/Python, and mySQL used for deploying websites
What’s Maria DB?
It’s a community developed fork of MySQL
What is Samba?
Samba is an open-source file-sharing software for Linux that permits file sharing with Windows clients through native connectivity using the Common Internet File System (CIFS)
What is CIFS?
Common Internet File System
What is NFS?
Network File System. It’s a distributed file system protocol that permits client hosts to access files and directories over the network as local storage
What is ownCloud?
It’s a client/server suite of applications for creating and using the hosting services. The functionality of oq
Define Shell
A shell script is a script that’s designed to be run by the command line interpreter using various scripting languages. Bash is the most common shell distribution; it typically runs as a command processor in a text-based command-line interface
Which command creates newfile
touch newfile
Difference between PHP and Perl?
Perl is designed for scripting, PHP for web dev
What’s a package?
It’s a collection of files needed to install an application
What is dpkg?
It’s a package archive format with some package metadata. DEB files are package installation files for Debian-based Linux distributions
How do package files make installation of programs easier?
They contain the files necessary for installation and some metadata around dependencies
What is apt good for? What does it allow the user to do?
APT permits the user to search for and install packages from repositories, which are directories containing software packages and an index
How do we install packages using rpm and sudo?
sudo rpm -i pkgfile (eg htop.pkg)
How do we remove packages using rpm and sudo?
sudo rpm -e pkgname (eg htop)
What’s the essence of open-source philosophy?
It’s about the freedom to view and modify
What are the two core views of open source philosophy and what do they entail?
1) permissive - no restrictions on licensing derivative work
2) copyleft - derivative work must use the same licensing as the original software
What are the three common types of licensing?
1) CCO 1.0 Universal Declaration - all declarations are in the public domain, no restrictions whatsoever. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work for commercial purposes.
2) BSD licenses are a segment of permissive software licenses with minimal restrictions on usage and distribution
3) GNU General Public License - a widely used copyleft license. Since it’s copyleft, derivative work may only be distributed under the same license terms.
What’s FSF?
Free Software Foundation
What’s OSI?
Open Source Initiative
What do FSF and OSI do? What do they have in common? How do they differ?
They place approvals on open-source software licenses.
- Individuals from both sides often work with each other on free, open-source projects. Both support free, modifiable software and openly available source code
- The difference comes from lack of focus on the practical benefits of software and more on the ethics of rights restrictions regarding proprietary software
What does FOSS stand for?
Free and Open Source Software. Free is regarded in the context of price, generally
What does FLOSS stand for
Free/Libre Open Source Software. Free = freedom,
How do we view the main release file?
cat /etc/release/
How do we view the release info from a file if the main release file is unavailable?
cat /etc/issue/
How do we run a utility to determine a Linux distribution?
lsb_release -a
hostnamect1
What are the Linux desktop skills?
These are the skills of using Linux Desktop, config options, web usage, and privacy
What is the standard linux shell?
x
