Chapter 1

Question 1

Data

Answer 1

Collections of observations

ex :measurements, gender, survey response

Question 2

Statistics

Answer 2

Science of planning studies/ experiments, obtaining data and organizing/summarizing, presenting/analyzing/interpreting and drawing conclusions based on the data

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

the complete collection of all measurments or data that are being considered

Question 4

Census

Answer 4

collection of data from every member of a population

Question 5

Sample

Answer 5

sub collection of members selected from a population

Question 6

Conclusions

Answer 6

statistical significance is achieved in a study when we get a result that is very unlikely to occur by chance

Question 7

Parameter

Answer 7

a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population

Question 8

Statistic

Answer 8

a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

Question 9

Quantitative Data (Numerical)

Answer 9

Consists of numbers representing counts or measurements

ex: age of respondents

Question 10

Categorical Data (Qualitative or attribute)

Answer 10

consists of names or labels (representing categories)

ex: gender of professional athletes

Question 11

Discrete Data

Answer 11

Result when the number of possible values is finite, or a “countable” number

Question 12

Continuous Data

Answer 12

Results from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions or jumps

Question 13

Nominal level of Measurments

Answer 13

characterized by data that consists of names, labels, or categories only.
The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high)

Question 14

Ordinal Level of Measurements

Answer 14

Data that can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless
ex: grading scale A, B, C, D

Question 15

Interval level of Measurements

Answer 15

data that can be arranged between any two data values is meaningful.
-no natural zeros, so years can be arranged this way

Question 16

Ratio Level of Measurements

Answer 16

similar to the interval level with the additional property that there is natural zero starting point
Differences & ratios are meaningful
ex: % and fractions

Question 17

Random Sample

Answer 17

Members of the population are selected in a way that ensures each individual member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 18

Systematic Sampling

Answer 18

select a starting point and select every nTH element in the population
Ex: selecting every 3rd person

Question 19

Convenience Sampling

Answer 19

using easy to obtain results, this will proliferate biased results.

Question 20

Stratified Sampling

Answer 20

Subdivide a population into subgroups with shared characteristics then draw a sample from each sub group
ex: splitting between men and women

Question 21

Cluster Sampling

Answer 21

divide the population area into sections, then randomly select some of those clusters, use all members from the selected clusters

Question 22

Randomization

Answer 22

used when subjects are assigned to different groups through a process of random selection

Question 23

Replication

Answer 23

Repetition of an experiment on more then one subject

ex: drug trials need a large group of subjects to circumnavigate the erratic results of small samples.

Question 24

Blinding

Answer 24

Use of a “Placebo” in testing, giving a blind response, to use against administered results

Question 25

Confounding

Answer 25

occurs in an experiment when the experimenter is not able to distinguish between the effects of different factors

Question 26

Sampling Error

Answer 26

difference between a sample result and the true population result.
ex: an error results from chance sample fluctuations

Question 27

Non-sampling Error

Answer 27

Sample data incorrectly collected, recorded or analyzed

ex: biased sample, defective instrument, copying data incorrectly