Chapter 1

Question 0

What percentage of the adult human body is fluid?

Answer 0

About 60%, mainly a water solution of ions and other substances (intracellular and extracellular fluid)

Question 1

The basic living unit of the body.

Answer 1

The Cell

Question 2

What is another name for extracellular fluid?

Answer 2

The internal environment

Question 3

Contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions; nutrients for cells (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids and amino acids); and waste products (carbon dioxide).

Answer 3

Extracellular fluid

Question 4

Contains large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions.

Answer 4

Intracellular fluid

Question 5

Define Homeostasis.

Answer 5

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment.

Question 6

The two stages of extracellular fluid transportation.

Answer 6

(1) movement of blood through the body in blood vessels and (2) movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and the intercellular spaces between the tissue cells

Question 7

Name the three major parts of the nervous system.

Answer 7

Sensory input portion (detect state of the body or state of surroundings), central nervous system (integrative portion made up of the brain and spinal cord), and motor output portion

Question 8

Describe the autonomic system.

Answer 8

Important segment of nervous system that operates on a subconscious level and controls many functions of internal organs

Question 9

The body contains eight major _____ ______ that secrete chemical substances called ______.

Answer 9

Endocrine glands; hormones

Question 10

Which systems are responsible for the origin of nutrients in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 10

Respiratory system (oxygen), gastrointestinal tract (nutrients absorbed from ingested food - carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids), liver and other organs that perform primarily metabolic functions (help modify absorbed substances or store them until needed, eliminate waste), musculoskeletal system

Question 11

What organs/systems are responsible for removal of metabolic end products?

Answer 11

Removal of carbon dioxide by lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver

Question 12

What systems are responsible for regulation of body functions?

Answer 12

Nervous system, hormone systems

Question 13

The immune system and integumentary system are responsible for what?

Answer 13

Protection of the body

Question 14

Most control systems of the body act by ______ feedback.

Answer 14

Negative feedback

Question 15

Define negative feedback.

Answer 15

If some factor becomes excessive or deficient, a control system initiates negative feedback, which consists of a series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value, this maintaining homeostasis.

Question 16

The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions is determined by the _____ of the negative feedback.

Answer 16

Gain (gain = correction/error)

Question 17

Define positive feedback.

Answer 17

The initiating stimulus causes more of the same (i.e. blood clotting, childbirth, generation of nerve signals)