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Chapter 1 Mind & Brain > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When did psychology separate as its own discipline

A

1879 when Wilhelm Wundt established the first psych lab in Germany

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2
Q

monism

A

the idea that the mind and body consist of the same substance - the mind and brain are one

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3
Q

dualist

A

the idea that the mind and brain are separate

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4
Q

who is Democritus

A

proposed that everything was made p of atoms, even the soul (including the mind)

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5
Q

plato - monist or dualist?

A

dualist

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6
Q

Aristotle - monist or dualist

A

monist

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7
Q

how did Rene Descartes propose the body and brain worked

A

a series of hydraulic like pipes in the body that animal spirits flowed through

sensations, memories and other mental functions were produced when animal spirits flowed through pores in brian

animal spirits pumped through the pineal gland

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8
Q

where did Rene Descartes say the animal spirits came from and why

A

the pineal gland as it was in the perfect spot: just below the two cerebral hemispheres.

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9
Q

what did Descartes call the pineal gland

A

the seat of the soul (as it was the place where the mind interacted with the body)

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10
Q

what determined the transition to actual science

A

empiricism: information gathered through observation rather than logic, intuition, other means

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11
Q

who showed that they could make a frogs leg twitch with electrical stimulation

A

Luigi Galvani

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12
Q

who produced movement in dogs by electrically stimulating their exposed brains

A

Fritsch and hitzig

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13
Q

why are nerves not like wires even though they both use electricity. who is the person that figured this out

A

speed of conduction of nerves: 90 ft per second

speed of conduction of wires 186 000 miles per second

the person was hermann von helmotz

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14
Q

what is the definition of localization

A

specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions

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15
Q

Phineas gage had no impairment to what

A

intelligence, memory, speech, or movement

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16
Q

autopsy of brain of man who had stroke revealed what

A

lost ability to speak - damage to what now is called brocas area

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17
Q

what is phrenology

A

the theory that each of teh 35 different faculties of emotion and intellect is located in a precise area of the brain

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18
Q

who is behind phrenology and how did they determine that

A

Franz Gall and his student Spurzheim determined the locations by feeling bumps on peoples skills and relating certain protubernaces to an individuals charactersistics

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19
Q

what is the opposite of phrenology? who came up with it and explain what it is

A

equipotentiality

Karl Lashley came up with this: the idea that the brain functions as a whole and its the extent of damage, and not location that determines how much function is lost

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20
Q

what do we know about how the brain functions and location of brain function today?

A

functions are as much distributed as they are localized. behvaiour results from the interaction of many areas of the brain

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21
Q

each body cell in a human has ___- chromosomes arranged as ________

A

46 chromosomes arranged as 23 pairs

22
Q

what is special about the 23rd pair of chromosomes

A

they are the sex chromosomes and are referred to as X and Y instead of by number

23
Q

whats different about the X and Y chromosomes

A

XX female
XY male

Y is much shorted than female and contains about 1/25th of the genes on the X chromosome

24
Q

how many chromosomes do male and female reproductive cells have

A

23 (singular) chromosomes

25
Q

zygote versus embryo versus fetus

A

zygote: the fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division
embryo: the first 8 weeks
fetus: 8 weeks till birth

26
Q

who uncovered the mystery of genes and how do they work

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double stand of chemical molecules

each rung of latter is composed of 2 of 4 nucleotides: A, T, G, C

27
Q

what are the 4 nucleotides

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

28
Q

how much do humans differ by

A

0.5% among humans that are non-related

29
Q

what do genes do

A

provide directions for making proteins

30
Q

alleles

A

different versions of a gene

paired genes have the same type of function but their effects differ

31
Q

different kinds of alleles

A

a dominant allele will produce its effect regardless of which allele it paired with

recessive will produce its effect only when paired with another recessive allele

32
Q

heterozygous versus homozygous

A

heterozygous: the two alleles are different
homozygous: when the two alleles are identical

33
Q

what does x-linked mean?

A

bc the x in the sex chromosomes is longer, their genes are often alone. A recessive gene, therefore, is adequate to produce its effect since it’s not paired w anything. Therefore, a characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on an X chromosome is X-linked

34
Q

many characteristics are determined by several genes. These characteristics are ____

A

polygenic

35
Q

examples of polygenic characteristics

A

height, most behavioural characteristics (intelligence) and psychological disorders

36
Q

the huamn genome

A

all the genes in our chromosomes

37
Q

what was the goal of the human genome project

A

to map the location fo all genes of the human chromosomes and determien the genes codes –> the order of bases within each gene

this took 15 years total

38
Q

human protein-encoding genes compared to roundworm protein-encoding genes?

what does this mean

A

21 000 versus 19 735

this means that the number of protein-encoding genes does correlate with organism complexity

39
Q

what correlated with behavioural complexity?

A

the amount of noncoding DNA

40
Q

what is junk DNA

A

noncoding DNA

41
Q

what is the function of junk DNA/ noncoding DNA

A

some is nonfunctional and leftover from evolution

80% is biochemically active and controls the expression of other genes

42
Q

what does controlling the expression of other genes mean

A

the translation of their encoded information into the production of proteins, thus controlling their functioning

43
Q

Huntington’s disease was associated with genes identified on chromosome ___

A

4 and near these two marker genes

44
Q

children only share ___ of their genes with their parents and __ part fo their genes with each other

A

half and half

45
Q

why arent all children the same

A

a child receives a random half of a parent’s genes. A parent can produce 8 million different combinations of chromosomes. When the other parent is added in, you have 60-70 trillion different combinations of genetics that can be passed on

46
Q

why are the effects of genes not rigid

A

they can be variable over time and circumstance

genes can be turned off and on

their activity can be up or down-regulated so that they produce more or less to their proteins

this is evident through our development

47
Q

____ % of our DNA is the same as chimpanzees. So why are we so different?

A

95-98%

we are so different as we differ more dramatically in which genes are expressed in the brain (meaning which genes actually produce proteins)

48
Q

____: the parts of genes that direct protein production

A

exons, make up the exome

180 000 in humans
constitute only 1% of the entire genome

contains 85% of all disease-causing mutations

49
Q

the percentage of the variation in characteristics that can be attributed to genetic factors

A

heritability

50
Q

heritability estimates for intelligence, schizophrenia, personality characteristics and occupational interests

A

50% for intelligenes
60-90% of schizophrenia

40-50% for personality characteristics and occupational interests

51
Q

why may twin studies overestimate heritability rates

A

most adopting parents are from the middle class. as such the environments for the two children may be more similar than random and therefore some attribution for heritability may actually be the environment

52
Q

_____ means that genes contribute a predisposition for a disorder which may or may not exceed the threshold required to produce the disorder

A

vulnerability

Chapter 1 Mind & Brain (2 decks)

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