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Health > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ovum

A

female reproductive cell

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell

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3
Q

1st week of gestation

A

the blastocyst implants, to the lining of the uterus

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4
Q

embryo

A

the implanted cluster of cells

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5
Q

placenta

A

a sac of blood vessels

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6
Q

3rd & 4th week of gestation

A

a structure called the placenta forms between the bodies of the embryo and the mother

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7
Q

umbilical cord

A

a bundle of three blood vessels, and attaches the baby to the placenta

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8
Q

6th week of gestation

A

1/2 inch long, arms and hands sprout, fingers faintly visible, heart chambers, lungs, and stomach forming, ears begin to take shape, major muscle groups in place, has special skin coating to keep it from wrinkling

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9
Q

9th week of gestation

A

less than an inch long, 1/6 oz., all major organs are established, spends much time sleeping, between naps it exercises: waving and stretching arms, kicking feet, referred to as fetus

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10
Q

12 weeks gestation

A

3 inches, 1 oz, tiny face becomes more definite

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11
Q

4th month gestation

A

6 inches, 4 oz, hair grows, notices surroundings

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12
Q

5th month gestation

A

10 inches, becomes a tight fit, eye brows and eye lashes are visible

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13
Q

6th month gestation

A

can hear noises

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14
Q

7th month gestation

A

can open eyes, can control breathing and swallowing, doesn’t breath on its own

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15
Q

8th month gestation

A

fingernails finish forming, positions for birth

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16
Q

9th month gestation

A

it gets chubbier, is born

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17
Q

Obstetrician

A

provides medical care for women during and after pregnancy

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18
Q

Birth to 18 months

A

Motor skills develop. Learns to sit, crawl, stand and walk.

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19
Q

18 months to 3 years

A

Talks in short sentences, parallel play.

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20
Q

3-6 years

A

Plays with others, increased communication.

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21
Q

6-12 years

A

Rapid mental and social growth.

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22
Q

Adolescence

A

Transition from childhood to adulthood.

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23
Q

Puberty

A

Development when the body becomes ready to reproduce. Marks the beginning of adolescence.

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24
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical “stimulators” of the endocrine system.

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25
Q

Endocronology

A

The study of the endocrine system.

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26
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands of the endocrine system.

Works closely with the nervous system to communicate with parts of the body.

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27
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

“master gland” affects all other endocrine glands

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28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that controls the bodys automatic activities and physical effects of your emotions.

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29
Q

Somatotropin

A

Growth hormone regulates over all growth rate.

Secreted by pituitary gland.

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30
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Regulates blood pressure and water balance. Secreted by pituitary gland.

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31
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Front of the neck. Regulates metabolism.

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32
Q

Thyroxine

A

Produced by thyroid. Regulates speed of body functions.

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33
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Two on each back side of the thyroid. Regulates calcium in the blood.

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34
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

One on top of each kidney. Two parts.

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35
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Thick outer part of the adrenal gland. Secrets steroid hormones

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36
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Small inner part of the adrenal gland

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37
Q

Epinephrine

A

“adrenaline” emergency action hormone

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38
Q

Aldosterone

A

Stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium. Helps regulate water balance. Produced by Adrenal Gland

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39
Q

Cortisol

A

Hormone stimulates the body to repair itself. Produced by the Adrenal Gland

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40
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ behind the stomach. Helps regulate blood sugar.

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41
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Small clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones.

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42
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone stimulates liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen. Produced in pancreas.

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43
Q

Glycogen

A

A type of starch.

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44
Q

Glucagon

A

Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream. Produced in pancreas.

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45
Q

Gonads

A

Reproductive glands. Produce hormones that stimulate development of sex organs and produce body changes.

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46
Q

Testes

A

Male reproductive glands.

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47
Q

Ovaries

A

Female reproductive glands.

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48
Q

Estrogens

A

Hormone produced by the ovaries. Production is stimulated by the pituitary gland

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49
Q

Testosterone

A

Hormone produced by the testes. Production is stimulated by the pituitary gland.

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50
Q

Pineal Gland

A

In the center of the brain. Regulates waking and sleeping cycles.

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51
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone triggers sleepiness. Made in the pineal gland.

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52
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Study of the digestive system.

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53
Q

What are the three major functions of the digestive system

A

Digest foods
Absorb nutrients
Eliminate waste

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54
Q

Digestion

A

Physical and chemical break down of complex nutrients into simple water soluble substances the body can use.

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55
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Produce saliva in the mouth.

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56
Q

Crown of the tooth

A

Part of the tooth that we can see.

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57
Q

Enamel

A

Covers the crown. Hardest substance in the body.

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58
Q

Dentin

A

Hard bone like substance under enamel.

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59
Q

Pulp

A

Tissue in the hollow center of the tooth. Contains nerves and blood vessels that enter through the tip of the root.

60
Q

Root Canal

A

Passage from the end of the root to the hollow center.

61
Q

Cementum

A

Thin bone like covering over the root. Helps hold the tooth in its socket with the help of collagen fibers.

62
Q

Periodontal membrane

A

Layer of tissue that produces cementum between the cementum and jawbone.

63
Q

Gingiva

A

“Gum” tissue surrounding the teeth. Helps hold the teeth in place and protects the root from decay.

64
Q

-ose

A

Suffix refers to sugar

65
Q

en-, end-, endo-

A

suffix’s meaning inside or within.

66
Q

-olgy

A

suffix means science or study

67
Q

peri-

A

prefix meaning surrounding or enclosing

68
Q

dent, dont,

A

root means tooth

69
Q

gastro-

A

prefix refers to stomach

70
Q

entero-

A

prefix refers to intestine

71
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

72
Q

Uvula

A

small flap at the back of the mouth closes opening to nasal passage during swallowing.

73
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap that closes over trachea during swallowing.

74
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein molecules that activate chemical reactions in the body.

75
Q

Salivary glands

A

Digestive glands that produce saliva.

76
Q

Saliva

A

Contains water, mucus and a digestive enzyme. Moistens food, neutralizes acids in the mouth, begins digestion of carbs in the mouth.

77
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube connects pharynx to stomach. Two layers of involuntary muscles produce peristalsis.

78
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave like contractions.

79
Q

Gastrointestinal tract “GI”

A

The digestive tract.

80
Q

Sphincter Muscle

A

Circular bands of muscle that relax to form an opening and contract to close the opening.

81
Q

Stomach

A

Sack like organ. Has three layers of muscles. Secrets gastric juice.

82
Q

Gastric Juice

A

A mixture of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes and mucus.

83
Q

Chyme

A

Food that has been mixed with gastric juices.

84
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

A lining of the body that is covered with mucous. Such as the inside of the stomach, mouth, nose, ect.

85
Q

What is the main function of the stomach?

A

To store food and release it as chyme into the small intestine.

86
Q

Small intestine

A

Small diameter. Longest part of the digestive tract. Has three distinct sections.

87
Q

Duodenum

A

First ten inches of the small intestine. Where most chemical digestion occurs. Chyme is mixed with intestinal juice produced by the duodenum, secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder.

88
Q

Villi

A

Hair like projections inside the small intestine. Provides greater surface area for absorption.

89
Q

What are the different types of carbohydrates

A 
Glucose - manufactured in the body
Fructose - vegetable and fruit sugars
Lactose - Milk sugar
Maltose - Grain sugar
Sucrose - Refined from beets or sugar cane
90
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

91
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides combined

92
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Mono and disaccharides

93
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Formed from two long chains of simple carbohydrates.

Complex carbohydrates

94
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in the body

A

Starches or polysaccharides are broken down into glucose a monosaccharide that can be used as energy in the body.

Extra glucose is converted back into a polysaccharide glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.

The liver converts glycogen back to glucose when it is needed.

Extra glycogen that is not used is stored as fat.

95
Q

Carbohydtrates

A

provide energy

96
Q

Proteins

A

Raw material for tissue building.

Made up of long chains of amino acids.

97
Q

Fats

A

Energy and building material

Made up of fatty acids.

98
Q

Vitamins

A

Growth and body functions.

99
Q

Minerals

A

Regulate body functions, bone formation, muscle contraction.

100
Q

Water

A

Medium for chemical reactions.

Transport of materials.

101
Q

macro-

A

prefix means large

102
Q

mono-

A

prefix means one

103
Q

di-

A

prefix means two

104
Q

poly-

A

prefix means many or more than one

105
Q

Dietary Fiber

A

A good source of carbohydrates.
Soluble reduces cholesterol.
Insoluble moves waste through the digestive tract.

106
Q

Cholesterol

A

Fatlike substance that can accumulate in blood vessels.

Used to produce bile, vitamin D, and certain hormones..

107
Q

Cellulose

A

Insoluble fiber found in all plant cells.

108
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Amino acids that the body cannot make itself.

109
Q

Incomplete proteins

A

Vegetable proteins that do not have some of the essential amino acids.

110
Q

Proteins should make up ______ of total calories.

A

10-30%

111
Q

Carbohydrates should make up ______ of total calories.

A

45-60%

112
Q

Triglicerides

A

A typical fat molecule.

Made up of three fatty acids

113
Q

Lipids

A

Fatlike substances that is insoluble in water.

114
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Solid at room temperature.

115
Q

Oils

A

Fats that are liquid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats.

116
Q

Monosaturated

A

Fat molecule lacks only one pair of hydrogen atoms

117
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Fat molecule lacks two or more hydrogen atom pairs.
Mostly derived from plant seeds and fish.
Contains essential fatty acids.

118
Q

Two essential fatty acids in our diet.

A

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.

119
Q

Hydrogenated oil

A

Hydrogen added to an oil to make it like butter

120
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fatty deposits or plaque in the blood vessels.

121
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

122
Q

Lipoproteins

A

“packages” of fat and protein that are transported through the bloodstream.

123
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

High proteins

124
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

High cholesterol

125
Q

-osis

A

Suffix means disease

126
Q

hyper-

A

Prefix over, above or excessive.

127
Q

lip-, lipo-

A

Prefix fat or fatty

128
Q

What are some ways to keep a healthy cholesterol level?

A 
Maintain a healthy body weight
Increase intake of soluble fiber
Reduce saturated fat intake
Exercise regularly
Do not smoke
129
Q

Fats should supply ______ of calories

A

25-35%

130
Q

Vitamins

A

Help things happen in the body.

131
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin C and B complex vitamins

132
Q

Deficiency Disease

A

Caused by lack of some substance in the diet.

133
Q

Enriched foods

A

Food that has vitamins added to it.

134
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

135
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency. In children causes bone deformation.

136
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Causes poor blood coagulation (clotting)

137
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Causes night blindness

138
Q

Hypervitaminosis

A

Toxic levels of a vitamin in the body. Primarily with fat-soluble vitamins.

139
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic nutrients like vitamins.

Often work together to make body functions happen.

140
Q

Two minerals used to repair bones and teeth.

A

Calcium, Phosphorus

141
Q

Magnesium

A

Mineral that is vital to energy production and the absorption of calcium.

142
Q

What are three electrolytes

A

Potassium, sodium, and chlorine

143
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Mineral that becomes electrically charged when dissolved in fluids.

144
Q

Which electrolyte can cause hypertension (high blood pressure) if you eat too much?

A

Sodium.

145
Q

How are ingredients on food label listed?

A

In decreasing order. Starting with the ingredient that is the biggest amount and ending with the smallest amount.

146
Q

What are two trace elements?

A

Iron and Iodine. They are needed in extremely small quantities but are very important.

Health (2 decks)

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