Chapter 09: Disruptions To Homeostasis

Question 1

• What is diabetes?
• What are 2 characteristics of a diabetic?
• What is the function of insulin?
• What is type 1 diabetes?
• Out of all diabetes patients in Australia, how many are type 1?
• Why can’t insulin be in the form of tablets?
• What is type 2 diabetes?
• Whats the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes?
• List 6 lifestyle factors that increase risk of type 2 diabetes.
• What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 1

• A condition that disrupts blood glucose homeostasis.
• High blood glucose level (hyperglycaemia), doesn’t produce enough insulin and cells resist effects of insulin.
• Stimulate cells to take in glucose from blood and converts glucose into glycogen
• Diabetes developed at a young age. Result from a fault in the patient’s immune system causing the destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans preventing insulin production. Treated by regular injections of insulin or an insulin pump.
• 10-15%.
• Because it is digested in the alimentary canal.
• A common of diabetes that usually occurs in people over 40 who are overweight. Treated with lifestyle changes.
• Type 1 diabetes don’t produce insulin whereas, type 2 patients are able to produce insulin but their cells do not respond to it.
• Lack of physical activity; overweight; diet high in fat, sugar and salt and low in fibre; High BP; High blood cholesterol; Smoking.
• No symptoms because it develops so gradually.

Question 2

• What treatment can be done for type 2 diabetes?
• The thyroid gland secretes what 2 hormones?
• Whats the target organ of thyroxine and its function.
• Secretion of thyroxine is controlled by what?
• What is hyperthyroidism?
• What is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?
• What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
• What are the 3 treatments for hyperthyroidism?
• What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 2

• Involves a management program to keep blood glucose levels within the normal range. Management of diet, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, monitoring blood glucose level and medication if blood glucose cannot be controlled by other measures.
• Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
• Most tissues and stimulates metabolism and maintain body temp.
• TSH.
• Overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in abnormally high levels of thyroid hormones in the blood.
• Graves’ disease: An enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by an immune system reaction.
• Rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, sweating, anxiety and protruding eye balls.
• Drugs blocking thyroid gland’s use of iodine, surgery to remove some or all of the gland or radioactive iodine which are taken up by the thyroid cells which are killed by the radioactivity.
• Under-activity of thyroid gland resulting in low levels of thyroid hormones in blood.

Question 3

• What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
• How will decreased iodine in diet affect the thyroid gland?
• Why does the thyroid gland enlarge and what is it known as?
• What are some treatment options for hypothyroidism?
• Why must doses of thyroid hormones be carefully monitored?
• Before, why was supplies of insulin so limited?
• What is the result of hGH deficiency?
• How can hGH deficiency patients be treated?
• In the past how was hGH collected? And what was the risk of this?
• How is hGH collected now?
• Hyperthyroidism is a disease of the thyroid gland. Which of the following symptoms would a person suffering hyperthyroidism be likely to show? Weight loss or weight gain and why?

Answer 3

• Slow HR, weight gain, lack of energy, intolerance to cold, swelling of the face and goitre.
• Thyroid hormones are made of iodine so decreased iodine in diet can prevent the thyroid gland from making enough hormones.
• Effort to increase hormone production, known as goitre.
• Extra iodine in diet and tablets containing thyroid hormones.
• Too little won’t relieve the symptoms of hypothyroidism and too much will result in hyperthyroidism.
• Insulin were obtained from the pancreas of cows and pigs. They also had be purified.
• Growth retardation/dwarfism.
• Injections of growth hormone.
• Extracted from the pituitary glands of deceased people but a single years supply required up to 50 pituitary glands increasing risk of transmission of diseases.
• hGH is now genetically engineered resulting in a unlimited supply of the hormone to treat growth problems but also enhance athletic performance and in anti-ageing treatments.
• Weight loss as metabolic rate increases breaking down food faster.