Chapter 06, 07, & 08 Flashcards
Pavlov repeatedly paired the presentation of meat powder with a particular tone, and found that dogs learned to salivate when the tone was presented. In this experiment, which of the following terms describes the dogs’ salivation in response to the tone?
A) Unconditioned Stimulus
B) Unconditioned Response
C) Conditioned Stimulus
D) Conditioned Response
d
Sam’s wife always wears the same black nightgown whenever she is “in the mood” for sexual relations, and Sam becomes sexually aroused as soon as he sees his wife in that nightgown. The nightgown represents which of the following for Sam?
A) an unconditioned stimulus
B) an unconditioned response
C) a conditioned stimulus
D) a conditioned response
c
After ten-year-old Amir broke his brother’s favourite toy, his parents took away one of Amir’s favourite toys for a week. Which of the following consequences best describes the action taken by the parents?
A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
b
Which of the following situations is an example of higher-order conditioning?
A) Victoria salivates when she hears the sound of the ice-cream truck even though her mother rarely lets her buy ice cream
B) Daisy gets nervous whenever her teacher asks her to present in class because Daisy has repeatedly been embarrassed during class presentations
C) Wei expects good things to happen when both her best friend and her boyfriend are present
D) Tia bullied by Andrea as a child. Andrew grew up to be a pilot. Tia gets angry when she sees airplanes
d
Which of the following likely involves only classical conditioning?
A) avoiding sunburn by putting on sunscreen
B) being frustrated by a class in which you study hard but don’t earn good grades
C) sneezing when you see a cat that has previously triggered your allergies
D) sleeping soundly after having a great workout at the gym
c
A pigeon in a Skinner Box pecks a dish at a high, steady rate, and a graph portrays the pigeon’s rate of responding over time. Which of the following describes the slop of the line in the graph?
A) a steep, fairly straight line
B) a shallow, fairly straight line
C) a steep line that looks like a staircase
D) a shallow line that looks like a staircase
a
Which of the following is always true about a primary reinforcer?
A) It elicits an unconditioned response
B) It elicits a conditioned response
C) It is emitted very early in life, prior to pronounced socialization
D) It is the most effective reinforcer in operant conditioning situations
a
A person plays a slot machine at a steady, rapid pace of responding. The pattern of responding is typical of which of the following kinds of reinforcement schedules?
A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval
b
Which of the following situations illustrates the effect of negative reinforcement?
A) Alexei is willing to do dishes in order to go to a basketball game
B) Shaun will study only after his parents yell at him
C) Cody washes his father’s car so that he won’t lose driving privileges
D) Sandeep walks the dog so that his sister will stop nagging him
d
Which of the following provides an explanation for why phobias are so resistant to extinction?
A) two-process avoidance learning
B) higher-order conditioning
C) partial reinforcement extinction effect
D) social learning theory
a
Nolan used to love tequila, but recently he drank too much of it and became very sick. His tendency to drink tequila has since declined dramatically. What does this sequence of events represent in operant terms?
A) aversive conditioning
B) negative reinforcment
C) escape learning
D) punishment
d
According to Rescorla, which of the following situations would result in the strongest conditioned response?
A) The CS is presented with the UCS 20 times, and without the UCS 10 times
B) The CS is presented with the UCS 20 times, and without the UCS 20 times
C) The CS is presented with the UCS 20times, and without the UCS 3 times
D) The CS is presented with the UCS 30 times, and without the UCS 20 times
c
Which of the following theorists would be most likely to state that reinforcement affects the performance of a behaviour but not necessarily the acquisition of the behaviour?
A) Tolman
B) Skinner
C) Rescorla
D) Bandura
d
According to the recommendations about effective use of punishment, which of the following helps to explain why speeding tickets are not effective at reducing the behaviour of speeding?
A) The fines are too expensive for first offences, so drivers are too angry to change the behaviour
B) Tickets are received infrequently, so speeding is not consistently punished
C) Speeding is not sufficiently voluntary to be affected by operant conditioning
D) Fines are examples of negative punishment, which is typically less effective than positive punishment
b
Which of the following problems with behaviour modification can be solved by using a token economy?
A) reinforcer satiation
B) ineffective punishment contingencies
C) inaccurate baseline data
D) unrealistic goals
a
The cocktail party effect provides evidence for which of the following models regarding attention?
A) early selection model
B) late selection model
C) attention capacity model
D) cognitive load model
b
The word big is flashed on a screen. If you were trying to remember that word by thinking “large”, “huge”, or “tall”, what type of encoding would you be using?
A) semantic
B) structual
C) phonemic
D) procedural
a
Miles listens to his mother go over a list of about 15 things that he needs to pack for an upcoming trip. According to George Miller, how many items from the list will Miles likely to remember if he does not write them down as he hears them?
A) fewer than five items
B) about 10 to 12 items
C) all the items
D) five to nine items
d
