Chapter 03 - Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Flashcards
idiographic understanding
an understanding of a particular individual
assessment
the process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant
standardization
the process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual’s score can be measured
reliability
a measure of the consistency of test or research results
validity
a measure of the accuracy of a test’s or study’s results
clinical interview
a face-to-face encounter
mental status exam
a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client’s abnormal functioning
clinical test
a device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person’s psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred
projective test
a test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret of respond to (inkblots, ambiguous pictures, open-ended instructions)
Rorschach test
inkblot test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a pictorial projective test
personality inventory
a test, designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely used personality inventory in which the participants respond to 500 statements with “true,” “false,” or “cannot say”
response inventories
tests that measure a person’s responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes
psychophysiological test
a test that measures physical responses (such as heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological
neurological test
a test that directly measures brain structure or activity
EEG (electroencephalogram)
a neurological test that records brain waves, the electrical activity that takes place within the brain as a result of neurons firing
neuroimaging techniques (brain scans)
neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, such as CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs
CAT scan (computerized axial tomography, CT scan)
neurological test in which X-rays of the brain’s structure are taken at different angles and combined
PET scan (positron emission tomography)
a computer-produced motion picture of chemical activity throughout the brain
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
a procedure the uses the magnetic property of certain hydrogen atoms in the brain to create a detailed picture of the brain’s structure
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
converts MRI pictures of brain structures into detailed pictures of neuron activity
neurophysiological test
a test that detects brain impairment by measuring a person’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances
battery
a series of neuropsychological tests, each targeting a specific skill area
intelligence test
a test designed to measure a person’s intellectual ability
intelligence quotient (IQ)
an overall score derived from intelligence tests
naturalistic observation
a type of observation where clinicians observes clients in their everyday environments
analog observation
a type of observation where clinicians observe clients in an artificial setting, such as a clinical office or laboratory
self-monitoring
an observation technique in which the clients are instructed to observe themselves
diagnosis
a determination that a person’s problems reflect a particular disorder
syndrome
a cluster of symptoms that usually occur together
classification system
a list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses
DSM-5
the most widely used classification system for mental disorders
categorical information
refers to the name of the particular category (disorder) indicated by the client’s symptoms
dimensional information
a rating of how severe a client’s symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality
empirically supported treatment (evidence-based treatment)
therapy that has received clear research support for a particular disorder and has corresponding treatment guidelines
therapy outcome study
study that measures the effects of various treatments
rapprochement movement
a movement to identify a set of common factors, or common strategies, that run through all successful therapies
common factors (common strategies)
similar things that may run through different types of therapies that have all shown success
psychopharmacologist
a psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications
