Chapter 01: Introduction to Personality Theories

Question 1

(1) should be founded on both scientific evidence and controlled imaginative speculation
(2) has a mutual and dynamic interaction with research data

Answer 1

useful theory

Question 2

theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas

Answer 2

persona (Latin)

Question 3

a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behaviour

Answer 3

personality

Question 4

contribute to individual differences in behaviour, consistency of behaviour over time, and stability of behaviour across situations

Answer 4

traits

Question 5

may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire species but their pattern is different for each individual

Answer 5

traits

Question 6

unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence

Answer 6

characteristics

Question 7

tools used to generate research and organise observations, but neither “truth” nor “fact” has a place in a scientific terminology

Answer 7

theory (in science)

Question 8

a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formilate testable hypotheses

Answer 8

scientific theory

Question 9

can never fill all the requirements of an adequate theory

Answer 9

a single assumption

Question 10

can neither generate meaningful hypotheses nor possess internal consistency

Answer 10

isolated assumptions

Question 11

two criteria of a useful theory

Answer 11

(1) generate meaningful hypotheses

(2) possess internal consistency

Question 12

(1) components of a theory that are not proven facts in the sense that their validity has been absolutely established
(2) accepted as if they were true

Answer 12

assumptions

Question 13

(1) used by the researcher to formulate hypotheses

Answer 13

logical deductive reasoning

Question 14

not components of the theory, but flow from it

Answer 14

hypotheses

Question 15

final part of the definition (theory)

Answer 15

qualifier testable

Question 16

love of wisdom

Answer 16

philosophy

Question 17

people who pursue wisdom through thinking and reasoning

Answer 17

philosophers

Question 18

(1) the nature of knowledge

(2) a branch of philosophy

Answer 18

epistemology

Question 19

a set of principles about how one should live one’s life cannot be a theory

Answer 19

cannot be a theory

Question 20

(1) do not flow forth from the mind of a great thinker isolated from empirical observations
(2) closely tied to empirically gathered data and to science

Answer 20

speculation

Question 21

branch of study concerned with observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses

Answer 21

science

Question 22

two essential cornerstones of theory building

Answer 22

(1) speculation

(2) empirical observation

Question 23

educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of scientific method

Answer 23

hypothesis

Question 24

(1) going from the general to the specific
(2) can derive testable hypotheses from a useful theory and then test these hypotheses - the results feed back into the theory

Answer 24

deductive reasoning

Question 25

(1) going from the specific to the general

(2) investigator alters the theory to reflect these results

Answer 25

inductive reasoning

Question 26

classification of things according to their natural relationships

Answer 26

taxonomy

Question 27

(1) studies both science and the behaviour of scientists
(2) investigates the impact of an individual scientist’s psychological processes and personal characteristics on the development of her or his scientific theories and research

Answer 27

psychology of science

Question 28

influence one’s theoretical orientation as well as one’s inclination to lean toward the “hard” or “soft” side of a discipline

Answer 28

personality differences

Question 29

may be influenced by the personality characteristics of the scientist

Answer 29

scientific process (science as process)

Question 30

must be evaluated independently of the process

Answer 30

scientific product (science as product)

Question 31

what makes a theory useful

Answer 31

(1) generates research
(2) falsifiable
(3) organises research data
(4) guides action
(5) internally consistent
(6) parsimonious

Question 32

most important criterion of a useful theory

Answer 32

ability to stimulate and guide further research

Question 33

two different kinds of research a useful theory will generate

Answer 33

(1) descriptive research

(2) hypothesis testing

Question 34

(1) concerned with the measurement, labelling, and categorisation of the units employed in theory building
(2) can expand an existing theory
(3) has a symbiotic relationship with theory

Answer 34

descriptive research

Question 35

leads to an indirect verification of the usefulness of the theory

Answer 35

hypothesis testing

Question 36

means that negative research results will refute the theory and force the theorist to either discard it or modify it

Answer 36

falsifiability

Question 37

accountable to experimental results

Answer 37

falsifiable theory