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Moore - Anatomy > Chapter 0 > Flashcards

Chapter 0 Flashcards

1
Q

Median plane is also known as…

Illustrate median plane.

A

Median sagittal plane.

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2
Q

Illustrate sagittal planes.

A
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3
Q

Frontal plane is also known as…

Illustrate.

A

Coronal plane.

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4
Q

Transverse plane is also known as…

Illustrate.

A

Transaxial or axial plane.

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5
Q

Illustrate LONGITUDINAL SECTION.

A
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6
Q

TRANSVERSE SECTIONS are also known as…

Illustrate.

A

Cross sections.

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7
Q

Illustrate OBLIQUE SECTIONS.

A
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8
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

Define superior.

What is the opposite of superior?

A

Superior - nearer the vertex (topmost part of the cranium)

Inferior - nearer to the sole of the foot.

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9
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

Define cranial.

Define caudal.

A

Cranial - relates to the cranium; towards the head or cranium.

Caudal - toward the feet or tail (coccyx) region.

Coccyx - tail bone; small bone at the end of the vertebral column.

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10
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

Define posterior. Another term for posterior.

What is the opposite of posterior? It’s also known as… It is called as … when descibing the parts of the brain.

A

posterior (dorsal) - back/nearer to the back

anterior (ventral) - front

rostral - used instead of anterior when describing parts of the brain.

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11
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

Define Medial.

What is the opposite of medial.

A

medial - nearer to the median plane.

lateral - farther away from the median plane.

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12
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

Define dorsum.

Define dorsal surface.

What is the opposite of dorsal surface?

A

Dorsum - superior aspect of any part that potrudes anteriorlyfrom the body (tongue, nose, penis, or foot)

Dorsum - also the posterior surface of the hand (opposite the palm)

Dorsal surface - the surface of the hands, the feet, and the digits of both corresponding to the dorsum.

Plantar surface - surface of the foot and toes corresponding to the sole.

Palmar surface - the surface of the hand and fingers corresponsing to the palm.

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13
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

What is inferomedial?

What is superolateral?

A

Inferomedial - nearer to the feet and median plane.

Superolateral - nearer to the head and farther from the median plane.

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14
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

Discuss superficial, intermediate and deep.

A

Position of strctures relative to the surface of the body or the relationship of one structure to another underlying or overlying structure.

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15
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

Define external.

What is the opposite of external?

A

External - outside or farther from the center of the organ or cavity.

Internal - inside or closer to the center, independent of direction.

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16
Q

Terms of relationship and comparison.

What is proximal?

What is the opposite of proximal?

A

Proximal - nearer to the attachment of a limb.

Distal - farther from the attachment of a lim or the central aspect of a linear structure.

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17
Q

Terms of laterality.

Enumerate and explain.

A

1) Bilateral - paired structures having right and left members (e.g. kidneys)
2) Unilateral - occuring on one side only (e.g. spleen)
3) Ipsilateral - someting occuring on the same side of the body as another structure (e.g. right thumb and right great (bg) toe.
4) Contralateral - occuring on opposite side of the body relative to another structure (e.g. the right hand is contralateral to the left hand.)

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18
Q

Terms of movement.

Flexion vs Extension.

Demonstrate 7 examples of flexion and extension.

Dorsiflexion vs. Plantarflexion

Demostrate.

What is hyperextension?

A

Flexion and extension generally occur in sagittal planes around a transverse axis.

Flexion indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.

Extension indicates straightening or increasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.

Dorsiflex describes flexion at the ankle joint, as when walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground.

Plantarflexion bends the foot and toes toward the ground as when standing on your toes.

Hyperextension - extension of a lim or part beyong the normal limit. (e.g. whiplash - hyperextension of the neck during rear-end automobile collision.)

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19
Q

Terms of movement

Abduction vs. Adduction

Demonstrate - fingers, upper limbs and lower limbs.

Describe lateral flexion/lateral bending.

Movements possible for the thumb. Why?

A

Abduction and Adduction generally occur in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis.

Abduction - moving away from the median plane

Adduction - movind toward the median plane

Lateral flexion (lateral bending) are special forms of abduction for only the nect and trunk.

Thumb faces laterally (instead of posteriorly) allows it to flex, extend, abduct, and adduct.

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20
Q

Terms of Movement.

_____ is a circular movement that involves sequential ___, ____, ____ and ____ (or in the opposite order) in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle. Demonstrate.

A

Circumduction.

flexion, abduction, extension, adduction.

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21
Q

Terms of movement.

Explain and demonstrate:

Rotation

______ Rotation (a.k.a. internal Rotation)

______ Rotation (a.k.a. external Rotation)

A

Rotation - involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one’s head to face sideways.

Medial Rotation - brings the anterior surface of the limb closer to the median plane.

Lateral Rotation - takes the anterior surface of the limb away from the median plane.

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22
Q

Terms of movement.

pronation vs. supination

Explain and demonstrate pronation and supination of arm..

A

Memory device:

Pronation - you are prone (likely) to spill the soup if the flexed arm is pronated. palm faces down.

Supination - you can hold a soup bowl when flexed arm is supinated. palm faces up.

Pronation and suppination are the rotational movements of the forearm and hand that swing the distal end of the radius (the lateral long bone of the forearm) medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna (the other long bone of the forearm) while the proximal end of the radius rotates in place.

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23
Q

Terms of movements.

_______ moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane. turning the sole laterally. (foot becomes dorsiflexed)

_______ moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane. (foot becomes plantarflexed)

A

Eversion

Inversion

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24
Q

Terms of movement

Define and demonstrate opposition.

What is the opposite of opposition? Explain.

A

Opposition - when pad of the first pad is brought to another digit pad. (pinagdikit dalawang daliri), as when holding a cup.

Reposition - movement of first digit back to its anatomical position.

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25
Q

Terms of movement.

Define and demonstrate protrusion.

What is the opposite of protrusion?

A

Protrusion - movement anteriorly as in protruding the mandibe (chin), lips, or tongue.

Retrusion - movement posteriorly as in retruding mandible, lips, or tongue.

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26
Q

Terms of movement.

The anterolateral and posteromedial movements of the scapula on the thoraic wall, causing the shoulder region to move anteriorly and posteriorly.

A

Protraction

Retraction

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27
Q

Terms of movement.

_____ raises or moves a part superiorly, as in elevating the shoulders when shrugging, the upper eyelid when opening the eye, or the tongue when pushing it up against the palate (roof of mouth).

______ lowers or moves a part inferiorly, as in depressing the shoulders when standing at ease, the upper eyelid when closing the eye, or pulling the tongue away from the palate.

A

Elevation

Depression.

28
Q

Anatomical terms are descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide called ___.

A

Terminologia Anatomica (TA)

29
Q

Integumentary System

The skin provides:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

A

1) Protection - from environmental effects, such as abrasions, fluid loss, harmful substances, ultraviolet radiation, and invading microorganisms
2) Containment for the body’s structure (e.g. tissues and organs) and vital substances (esp. extracellular fluids, preventing dehydration.
3) Heat regulation - through the evaporation of sweat adn the dilation or constriction of superficial blood vessels.
4) Sensation (e.g. pain) by way of superficial nerves and their sensory endings.
5) Synthesis and storage of vitamin D

30
Q

The epidermis is a ___________, that is, it has a tough, horny superficial layer that provides a protective outer surface overlying its regenerative and pigmented deep or ______ layer.

A

keratinized epithelium

basal layer - regenerating layer of epidermis

31
Q

The skin is supplied by ____________ that are sensitive to touch, irritation (pain), and temperature.

A

Afferent nerve endings

32
Q

The dermis is a layer of interlacing ______ and ______, that provides skin tone and account for strength and toughness of skin.

A

collagen

elastic fibers.

33
Q

The predominant pattern of collagen fibers determines the characteristic ______ and wrinkle lines in the skin.

These lines are also called ____ or ______.

A

tension lines

also called cleavage lines or Langer lines.

34
Q

Contraction of ______ erects the hairs, causing goosebumps.

Thereby, compressing the ________ and helping them secrete their oily product onto the skin surface.

A

arrector muscles of hairs (L.musculi arrector pili)

sebaceous glands

35
Q

The evaporation of the watery secretion (sweat) of the _______ from the skin proides a __________ for heat loss (cooling).

A

sweat glands

thermoregulatory mechanism

36
Q

Also involved in the retention of body heat are the small arteries (_______) within the dermis.

They dilate to fill the _________ to radiate heat (skin appears red) or constrict to minimize surface heat loss (skin, especially of the lips and fingertips, appears blue).

A

arterioles

superficial capillary beds

37
Q

The _____ (also known as _______), located between the overlying skin (______) and underlying deep fascia, is composed mostly of ______ and ________ and contains ________, _________, _________, and ______.

A

subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

dermis

loose connective tissue and stored fat

sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves.

38
Q

The neurovascular structures course in the ______, distributing only their terminal branches to the skin.

A

subcutaneous tissues

*yung terminal branches = afferent nerve endings

39
Q

numerous small fibrous bands, extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia.

A

skin ligaments (L. retinacula cutis)

40
Q

Skin Color Signs in Physical Diagnosis

Explain cyanosis.

A

1) Cyanosis - skin appears bluish (cyanotic); occurs when the blood is not carrying enough oxygen from the lungs, such as in a person who has stopped breathing or in a person having a defective circulation that is sending an inadequate amount of blood through the lungs.
- especially evident where skin is thin such as lips, eyelids and deep to the transparent nails.

41
Q

Skin Color Signs in Physical Diagnosis

Explain erythema

A

Erythema - skin looks abnormally red due to engorged *superficial capillary beds *caused by skin injury, exposure to excessive heat, infection, inflammation, or allergic reactions.

42
Q

Skin Color Signs in Physical Diagnosis

Explain jaundice.

A

In certain liver disorders, a yellow pigment called bilirubin builds up in the blood, giving a yellow appearance to the whites of the eyes and skin, a condition called jaundice.

43
Q

Skin Incisions and Scarring

Explain.

A

Incisions or lacerations made parallel to the tension lines (cleavage lines) results in less gaping, faster healing, and less scar tissue because there is minimal disruption of fibers. Uninterrupted fibers tend to retain the cut edges in place.

44
Q

Stretch Marks in Skin. Explain.

A

Marked and relatively fast size increases, such as abdominal enlargement and weight gain accompanying pregnancy, can stretch the skin too much, damaging the collagen fibers in the dermis.

Stretchmarks also form in obese individuals and in certain diseases (e.g. hypercortisolism or Cushing syndrome)

45
Q

Skin injuries and wounds

Explain superficial lacerations vs. deep lacerations.

A

Superficial lacerations violate the epidermis and perhaps the superficial layer of the dermis. they bleed but they do not interrupt the continuity of the dermis.

Deep lacerations penetrate the deep layer of the dermis, extending into the subcutaneous tissue or beyond; they gape and require approximation (by suturing, or stiches) to minimize scarring.

46
Q

Skin Injuries and Wounds

Explain burns.

A

Burns are caused by thermal trauma, ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, or chemical agents.

47
Q

Skin injuries and wounds.

Burns are classifies, in increasing order of severity, based on depth of the skin injury.

Explain 1st -3rd degree burns.

A

1) 1st-degree (superficial) burn - e.g. sunburn.
- damage is limited to the epidermis.
- symptoms: erythema (hot red skin), pain, edema (swelling)
- desquamation (peeling) usually occurs several days later.
2) 2nd-degree (partial-thickness) burn
- epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering (superficial 2nd degree) or loss (deep 2nd degree).
- nerve endings are damaged - most painful
- sweat glands and hair follicles are not damaged and can provide the source of replacement cells for the basal layer of the epidermis along with cells from the edges of the wound.
- healing will occur slowly (3weeks to several months) leaving scarring and some contracture, but it is usually complete.
3) 3rd-degree (full-thickness) burn
- the entire thickness of the skin is damaged and perhaps underlying muscles.
- there is marked edema and the burned area is num since sensory endings are destroyed.
- minor degree of healing may occur at the edges; ulcerated portions require skin grafting.

48
Q

Skin injuries and wounds.

What is skin grafting?

A

Dead material (eschar) is removed and replaced (grafted) over the burned area with skin harvested (taken) from a non-burned location (*autograft) *or using skin from human cadavers or pigs, or cultured or artificial skin.

49
Q

Skin injuries and wounds.

Define major burns.

Explain and illustrate “Rule of Nines”

A

Extent of burns (percent of total body surface affected) is generally more significant the the degree (severity in terms of depth) in estemating the effect on the well-being of the victim.

Major burns

  • 3rd degree burns - 10%+ of total body surface area
  • 2nd degree burns - 25%+ of total body surface area
  • any 3rd degree burns on the face, hands, feet, or perineum (area including anal and urogenital regions)

When the urn area exceeds 70%, the mortality rate exceeds 50%.

50
Q

Fascias

A

constitute the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures of the body.

51
Q

Deep fascia

A
  • found under the subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
  • an organized connective tissue layer that completely envelops the body beneath the subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin.
52
Q

Bursae

A

closed sacs formed of serous membrane that occur in locations subjet to friction; they enable one structure to move freely over another.

53
Q

In limbs, distinct group of muscles with similar functions sharing the same nerve supply are located in ________ separated by thick sheets of deep fascia, called ___________, that extend centrally from the surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bones.

A

fascial compartments

intermuscular septa

54
Q

Near joints (e.g wrist and ankle), the deep fascia becomes markedly thickened, forming a ______ (plural=retinacula) to hold tendons in place where they criss the joint during flexion and extension, preventing them from taking a shortcut, or bow stringing, across the angle created.

A

retinaculum (plural = retinacula)

55
Q

Two functional parts of the skeleton

A

1) Axial skeleton - bones of the head (cranium or skull), neck (hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)
2) Appendicular skeleton - bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.

56
Q

Explain cartilage.

What is articular cartilage?

A

cartilage - a semirigid connective tissue that forms paarts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required.

articular cartilage - capped the articulating surfaces (bearing surfaces) of bones participating in a synovial joint to provide smooth, low-friction, fliding surfaces for free movement.

57
Q

Cartilages are avascular. True or False? Explain.

A

True. Blood vessels do not enter cartilage.

58
Q

Define bone.

Functions of bones.

A

a hard form of connective tissue that provides:

1) support
2) protection
3) movement
4) storage
5) synthesis of blood cells

59
Q

Two functional parts of the skeletal system:

1)

2)

A

1) Axial skeleton - consists of the bones of the head (craium), neck (hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)
2) appendicular skeleton - consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.

60
Q

What is periosteum?

What surrounds cartilage?

A

A fibrous connective tissue covering surrounding the bones (except where articular cartilage occurs).

Perichondrium.

Periosteum and perichondrium nourish the external aspects of the skeletal tissue. They are capable of laying down more cartilage or bone (particularly during fracture healing) and provide the interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments.

61
Q

Two Types of Bone distinguished by the solid matter and size of the spaces they contain.

A

1) Compact Bone - provides strength for weight bearing.
2) Spongy Bone - sometimes replaced by a medullary (narrow) cavity.

*Within the medullary cavity of adult bones, and between the **spicules **(trabeculae) of spongy bone, *yellow *(fatty) or *red *(blood cell and platelet forming) bone marrow - or a combination of both is found.

62
Q

Explain compact bones in long bones.

A

In long bones designed for rigidity and attachment of muscles and ligaments, the amount of compact bone is greatest near the middle of the shaft where the bones are liable to buckle.

63
Q

Classification of bones according to their shape:

A

1) Long bones - tubular
2) Short bones - cuboidal; found only in the tarsus and carpus.
3) Flat bones - usually serve protective functions.
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones - they protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attechments.

64
Q

**Bone markings **appear wherever …

A

tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones.

65
Q
A

Moore - Anatomy (1 decks)

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