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MOD II > Chapt 8 I. D/Part 1 MMRS > Flashcards

Chapt 8 I. D/Part 1 MMRS Flashcards

1
Q

most skin infections are a result of what

A

mechanical injury but organisms cannot transverse skin

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2
Q

what organism is about to transverse skin?

A

larvae of Schistosoma

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3
Q

GI defense mechanisms

A

gastric acid, mucus layer, pancreatic enzymes, bile detergents, defensins, IgA, peristalsis, normal gut flora

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4
Q

organisms that adhere to GI wall, but don’t invade. they release exotoxins

A

V. Cholerae and escherichia coli

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5
Q

organisms that adhere to GI wall and invade causing dysentery (ulceration, inflamm, hemorrhage)

A

Shigella, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, entamoeba histolytica

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6
Q

organism that utilizes GI IgA uptake to invade host

A

poliovirus

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7
Q

organism responsible for acute food poisoning from exotoxin release

A

S. Aureus

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8
Q

organism that causes oral thrush and esophagitis usaully only when immunosuppressed

A

Candida

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9
Q

major defense of resp tract

A

mucus for large particles + ciliary action

resident macro

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10
Q

mech by which influenza virus leads to superinfection induced serious pneumonia

A

utilizes hemagglutinins to bind sialic acid on epithelial cells to induce endocytosis
damage increase susecptibility for infection by S. pneumoniae and S aureus

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11
Q

bacteria that secrete toxins to impair ciliary action in resp tract in order to enhance ability to infecct

A

Haemophilus influenzae, M. pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis

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12
Q

organism resistant to killing after phagocytosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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13
Q

what is the most common and efficient way for pathogen to disseminate in body

A

blood stream

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14
Q

S. Aureus disseminantes utilizing what mech

A

secretes hyaluronidase to degrade ECM and take path of least resistance -> spread through blood or lymphatic and bacteremia

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15
Q

virus that travel through nerves

A

poliovirus, rabies virus, varicella

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16
Q

free traveling blood-born pathogens

A

Most bac and fungi, poliovirus, HBV, African trypanosomes and helminths

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17
Q

blood born pathogen with leukocyte carriers

A

herpesvirus, HIV, mycobacteria and certain fungi and protozoa

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18
Q

blood born pathogen with red cell carrier

A

malarial parasites

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19
Q

Seeding; large infectious nidus verse multiple small sites

A 
large = abscess and tuberuloma
small = miliary tuberculosis and cadida microabscesses
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20
Q

Schistosoma mansoni dissemination and pathomech

A

localize to blood vessel in portal system and mesentery causing liver and intestinal damage

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21
Q

Hematobium dissemination and pathogenesis

A

localize to urinary bladder -> cystitis

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22
Q

most common route of transmission from person-to-person

A

resp, fecal-oral, sex

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23
Q

respiratory transmission; pathogens in large verse small droplets

A

large = influenza
small = M. tuberculosis and varicella zoster virus
small travel further

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24
Q

water-born pathogens

A

hepatitis A and E, poliovirus, rotavirus, V. cholera, Shigella, Campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, some helminthes

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25
Q

sexually transmitted pathogens

A

herpes simplex, HIV, HPV, Gonococcus, candida, arthopods (phthiris pubis and crab-lice)

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26
Q

pathogens that proliferate in saliva glands and transmit thrugh saliva

A

epstein-bar virus, rabies

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27
Q

Gram positive staining and components

A

positively blue
cytomembrane and THICK peptidoglycan wall
teichoic acid

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28
Q

Gram negative stain and components

A

No RED commies
cytomembrane, thin wall, outer membrane
LPS (O-specific side chain and Lipid A (endotoxin))

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29
Q

facultative anearobes

A

are aerobic but can also ferment in the lack of O2

30
Q

microaerophilic bacteria

A

aerotolerant anaerobes
can tolerate small amount of O2
pocesses SOD to deal with O2 radicals

31
Q

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

A

most common fermentation pathway used by organisms

the one classically studied

32
Q

name 2 obligate intracellular organisms

A

Chlamydia and Rickettesia

cannot synth ATP and must steal from host

33
Q

which gram + bact does not produce exotoxins?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

34
Q

which gram - bact produce exotoxins?

A

vibrio cholera and escherichia coli

35
Q

neuro exotoxins?

A 
tetanospasmin or tetanus toxin (Clostridium tetani)
Botulinum toxin (Clostridium botulinum)
36
Q

enterotoxins that cause infectious diarrhea?

A

Choleragen (Vibrio cholerae) -> cholera
E. Coli heat Labile toxin (E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, bacillus cereus) -> Cholera
E. coli heat Stable toxin (E. coli, Y. enterocolitica)
Shiga toxin (Shigella dysenteriae, enterohemorrhageic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli)

37
Q

enterotoxins that cause food posioning

A

Staphyloccocal heat stable toxin (stahylococcus aureus) -> vomit and diarrhea
heat stable toxin (Bacillus cereus) -> vomit and mild diarrhea
all 24 hours

38
Q

Pyrogenic toxins

A

streptococcus pyrogenic toxin (streptococcus pyrogenes) -> Scarlet fever
toxic shock syndrome toxin TSST-1 (staphylococcus aureus)-> toxin shock syndrome

39
Q

toxic shock syndrome

A

fever, rash, desquamation, diarrhea, hypotension

from Staphylococcus aureus (main) and Streptococcus pyrogenes

40
Q

Tissue invasive organisms

A

steptococcus pyrogenes, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)

41
Q

antrax toxin

A 
Bacillus anthracis
edema factor (EF)(gun), Lethal factor (LF), protective factor (PA)(key)
42
Q

whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis
pertussis toxin, extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase (inhibit phago), filamentous hemagglutinin (bind ciliated cells), tracheal cytotocin (damage epi)

43
Q

exotoxins that act like human antibiotics (inhibit P synth)

A 
Diphtheria toxin (corynebacterium diphtheriae) -> heart and nerves)
pseudomonas exotoxin A (pseudomonas aeruginosa) -> liver
44
Q

empiric therapy

A

broad range antibiotic (shotgun)

45
Q

Transformation in bacteria genetic exchange

A

picking up DNA from environment
require competent cell
require homology to incorporate
from lysed cells

46
Q

infection of GI, GU and resp tract are usaully caused by organisms that are what compared to skin infections

A

GI, GU, Resp tract infections are more virulent infections

47
Q

Transduction in bacteria genetic exchange

A

utilizing bacteriophages
virulent = general transduction (incorporating bact DNA)
temperate = special transduction (error in splicing incorporates adjacent bact DNA)

48
Q

Lysogenic immunity

A

only 1 bacteriophage can infect a bact at one time

surface proteins prevent further infections

49
Q

Conjugation in bacteria genetic exchange

A

sex pilus
requires F plasmid
sends single strand F plasmid from F(+) to F(-)

50
Q

Hfr cell

A

high frequency of chomosomal recombinants
when F plasmid is incorporated into bact chromosome (rare)
1. ability to send entire chromosome to another bacteria
2. aberrant excision adds new genes to F plasmid for exchange

51
Q

Transposons in bacteria genetic exchange

A

traveling DNA
does not require homology to incorporate in chromosome (can transmit between species)
aberrant excision adds bact DNA to transposons

52
Q

differentiate between staphylococcus and streptococcus

A 
strept = strip and CATalase negative
staphylo = cluster (staff) and CATalase positive
53
Q

streptococci hemolytic classifications

A

Alpha-hemolytic = partial with green color (streptococci viridan, streptococcus pneumoniae)
Beta-hemolytic = complete hemolysis (Group A S. pyogenes and Group B S. agalactiae)
Gamma-hemolytic (non-hemolytic)

54
Q

streptococcus 5 C carbonhydrate antigens (lancefield)

A

A, B, D, 2 non = viridan group and S. pneumoniae

55
Q

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus antigens and pathogenicity

A 
antigens = Group A lancefield, M protein (inhibits phago)
patho = streptolysin O (oxygen-labile), streptolysin S (oxygen-stable), pyrogenic exotoxin, enzymes (streptokinase activates plasmin)
56
Q

streptococcal Group A beta-hemolytic skin infections

A

folliculitis (hair follicle)
pyoderma = pustule last 4-6 days and slowly heals leave depigmented area
erysipelas = superficial skin and dermis, raised bright red rash with sharp borders
cellulitis = red swollen hot skin
impetigo = vesicular, blistered eruption of skin around mouth (usaully children)

57
Q

steptococcal Group A beta-hemolytic acute diseases

A 
strept pharyngitis
skin infection
necrotizing fasciitis 
Scarlet fever
streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
58
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

caused by streptococcus, clostridium, and gram negative enteric species
day1 - swelling heat res, Day 2 - color change -> blue with blisters
later skin dies and Muscle may be infected
mortality > 50%
Fournier’s gangrene = male genital and perinium

59
Q

streptococcal group A Beta-hemolytic delayed Ab-mediated diseases

A

Rheumatic fever

acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

60
Q

rheumatic fever

A

post strep pharyngitis (NOT skin infection) Ab-mediated
symptom - fever myocarditis, joint swelling, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, chest pain, arrhythmias, heart failure, acute migratory polyarthrtitis
damages 1st mitral and then aortic valve
increase susceptibility to valvular infections from other bact
prophylatic penicillin therapy to prevent recurrent bouts of infection

61
Q

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

type 3 hypersensitivity of Ab-complex deposition on glomeruli
week post strept infection of pharynx or skin
fluid retention = puffy raise, hypervolemia, high BP
hematuria = dark urine

62
Q

Group B streptococci

A

beta-hemolytic streptococcus algalactiae
most infect infants (in vagina and transmitted during birth)
meningitis, (lumbar puncture)
pneumonia, in at risk adults (diabetes, malignancy, liver and renal fail, stroke, elderly
sepsis in pregnant women (30% secondary spontaneous abort and stillbirth)

63
Q

Most common organisms that cause meningitis before 3 months?

between period of maternal Ab wane and infant development?

A

before 3 months = Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Group B streptococcus
other period = Neisseria meningitides, and Haemonphilus influenzae

64
Q

Viridan group streptococci

A

Groups = Mitus, Salivarius, Mutans, Angiosus
Alpha-hemolytic no lancefield antigens
dental infections, subacute bacterial endocarditis, abscsesses (S. intermedius)

65
Q

Streptococcus intermedius in blood… what should you do?

A

CAT scan with contrast to look for abscesses

brain and abdominal organs

66
Q

subacute bacterial endocarditis

A

viridan streptococcus and Group D streptococcus
dextran allows to stick to valve
slow growing
slow onset, fever, fatigue, anemia, heart murmers

67
Q

Group D streptococcus

A 
alpha-hemolytic
enterococcus (faecalis and faecium)
resistant to ampicillin and vacomyocin 
non-enterococcus (equinus and BOVIS)
Bovis associated with colon cancer
both in weak hosp pts
UTI, biliary tract infection, bacteremia, subacute bacterial endocarditis
68
Q

steptococcus pneumoniae

A

alpha-hemolytic no lancefield antigens with capsule, lancet-shaped diplococci (pairs)
most common adult meningitis and pneumonia and children otitis media
pneumonia - rigors, high fever, SOB, yellow-green phlegm, lobular consolidation (pus, bact, exudate)

69
Q

differentiating strept group D from strept pneumoniae

A

both alpha-hemolytic
Optochin sensitivity - inhibits pneumoniae only
Quellung reaction - Ab to capsule cause swelling and visualization fo capsule

70
Q

most common organismisms involve in otitis media in children

A

streptococcus pneumoniae (30%), haemonphilus influenzae (25%), Moraxella catarrhalis (15-20%)

71
Q

streptococcal pneumoniae vaccine to whom

A

immunocomprised, elderly, asplenic, HIV

Hetavalent conjugate protects against otitis media

72
Q

steptococcal antibiotic resistances

A

S pneumoniae = penicillin, erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol
Group D streptococci enterococcus = Ampicillin and vancomycin

MOD II (1 decks)

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