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MOD II > Chapt 8 I. D/Part 1 MMRS > Flashcards

Chapt 8 I. D/Part 1 MMRS Flashcards

1
Q

most skin infections are a result of what

A

mechanical injury but organisms cannot transverse skin

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2
Q

what organism is about to transverse skin?

A

larvae of Schistosoma

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3
Q

GI defense mechanisms

A

gastric acid, mucus layer, pancreatic enzymes, bile detergents, defensins, IgA, peristalsis, normal gut flora

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4
Q

organisms that adhere to GI wall, but don’t invade. they release exotoxins

A

V. Cholerae and escherichia coli

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5
Q

organisms that adhere to GI wall and invade causing dysentery (ulceration, inflamm, hemorrhage)

A

Shigella, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, entamoeba histolytica

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6
Q

organism that utilizes GI IgA uptake to invade host

A

poliovirus

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7
Q

organism responsible for acute food poisoning from exotoxin release

A

S. Aureus

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8
Q

organism that causes oral thrush and esophagitis usaully only when immunosuppressed

A

Candida

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9
Q

major defense of resp tract

A

mucus for large particles + ciliary action

resident macro

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10
Q

mech by which influenza virus leads to superinfection induced serious pneumonia

A

utilizes hemagglutinins to bind sialic acid on epithelial cells to induce endocytosis
damage increase susecptibility for infection by S. pneumoniae and S aureus

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11
Q

bacteria that secrete toxins to impair ciliary action in resp tract in order to enhance ability to infecct

A

Haemophilus influenzae, M. pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis

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12
Q

organism resistant to killing after phagocytosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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13
Q

what is the most common and efficient way for pathogen to disseminate in body

A

blood stream

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14
Q

S. Aureus disseminantes utilizing what mech

A

secretes hyaluronidase to degrade ECM and take path of least resistance -> spread through blood or lymphatic and bacteremia

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15
Q

virus that travel through nerves

A

poliovirus, rabies virus, varicella

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16
Q

free traveling blood-born pathogens

A

Most bac and fungi, poliovirus, HBV, African trypanosomes and helminths

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17
Q

blood born pathogen with leukocyte carriers

A

herpesvirus, HIV, mycobacteria and certain fungi and protozoa

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18
Q

blood born pathogen with red cell carrier

A

malarial parasites

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19
Q

Seeding; large infectious nidus verse multiple small sites

A 
large = abscess and tuberuloma
small = miliary tuberculosis and cadida microabscesses
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20
Q

Schistosoma mansoni dissemination and pathomech

A

localize to blood vessel in portal system and mesentery causing liver and intestinal damage

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21
Q

Hematobium dissemination and pathogenesis

A

localize to urinary bladder -> cystitis

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22
Q

most common route of transmission from person-to-person

A

resp, fecal-oral, sex

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23
Q

respiratory transmission; pathogens in large verse small droplets

A

large = influenza
small = M. tuberculosis and varicella zoster virus
small travel further

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24
Q

water-born pathogens

A

hepatitis A and E, poliovirus, rotavirus, V. cholera, Shigella, Campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, some helminthes

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25
sexually transmitted pathogens
herpes simplex, HIV, HPV, Gonococcus, candida, arthopods (phthiris pubis and crab-lice)
26
pathogens that proliferate in saliva glands and transmit thrugh saliva
epstein-bar virus, rabies
27
Gram positive staining and components
positively blue cytomembrane and THICK peptidoglycan wall teichoic acid
28
Gram negative stain and components
No RED commies cytomembrane, thin wall, outer membrane LPS (O-specific side chain and Lipid A (endotoxin))
29
facultative anearobes
are aerobic but can also ferment in the lack of O2
30
microaerophilic bacteria
aerotolerant anaerobes can tolerate small amount of O2 pocesses SOD to deal with O2 radicals
31
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
most common fermentation pathway used by organisms | the one classically studied
32
name 2 obligate intracellular organisms
Chlamydia and Rickettesia | cannot synth ATP and must steal from host
33
which gram + bact does not produce exotoxins?
Listeria monocytogenes
34
which gram - bact produce exotoxins?
vibrio cholera and escherichia coli
35
neuro exotoxins?
``` tetanospasmin or tetanus toxin (Clostridium tetani) Botulinum toxin (Clostridium botulinum) ```
36
enterotoxins that cause infectious diarrhea?
Choleragen (Vibrio cholerae) -> cholera E. Coli heat Labile toxin (E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, bacillus cereus) -> Cholera E. coli heat Stable toxin (E. coli, Y. enterocolitica) Shiga toxin (Shigella dysenteriae, enterohemorrhageic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli)
37
enterotoxins that cause food posioning
Staphyloccocal heat stable toxin (stahylococcus aureus) -> vomit and diarrhea heat stable toxin (Bacillus cereus) -> vomit and mild diarrhea all 24 hours
38
Pyrogenic toxins
streptococcus pyrogenic toxin (streptococcus pyrogenes) -> Scarlet fever toxic shock syndrome toxin TSST-1 (staphylococcus aureus)-> toxin shock syndrome
39
toxic shock syndrome
fever, rash, desquamation, diarrhea, hypotension | from Staphylococcus aureus (main) and Streptococcus pyrogenes
40
Tissue invasive organisms
steptococcus pyrogenes, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
41
antrax toxin
``` Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF)(gun), Lethal factor (LF), protective factor (PA)(key) ```
42
whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis pertussis toxin, extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase (inhibit phago), filamentous hemagglutinin (bind ciliated cells), tracheal cytotocin (damage epi)
43
exotoxins that act like human antibiotics (inhibit P synth)
``` Diphtheria toxin (corynebacterium diphtheriae) -> heart and nerves) pseudomonas exotoxin A (pseudomonas aeruginosa) -> liver ```
44
empiric therapy
broad range antibiotic (shotgun)
45
Transformation in bacteria genetic exchange
picking up DNA from environment require competent cell require homology to incorporate from lysed cells
46
infection of GI, GU and resp tract are usaully caused by organisms that are what compared to skin infections
GI, GU, Resp tract infections are more virulent infections
47
Transduction in bacteria genetic exchange
utilizing bacteriophages virulent = general transduction (incorporating bact DNA) temperate = special transduction (error in splicing incorporates adjacent bact DNA)
48
Lysogenic immunity
only 1 bacteriophage can infect a bact at one time | surface proteins prevent further infections
49
Conjugation in bacteria genetic exchange
sex pilus requires F plasmid sends single strand F plasmid from F(+) to F(-)
50
Hfr cell
high frequency of chomosomal recombinants when F plasmid is incorporated into bact chromosome (rare) 1. ability to send entire chromosome to another bacteria 2. aberrant excision adds new genes to F plasmid for exchange
51
Transposons in bacteria genetic exchange
traveling DNA does not require homology to incorporate in chromosome (can transmit between species) aberrant excision adds bact DNA to transposons
52
differentiate between staphylococcus and streptococcus
``` strept = strip and CATalase negative staphylo = cluster (staff) and CATalase positive ```
53
streptococci hemolytic classifications
Alpha-hemolytic = partial with green color (streptococci viridan, streptococcus pneumoniae) Beta-hemolytic = complete hemolysis (Group A S. pyogenes and Group B S. agalactiae) Gamma-hemolytic (non-hemolytic)
54
streptococcus 5 C carbonhydrate antigens (lancefield)
A, B, D, 2 non = viridan group and S. pneumoniae
55
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus antigens and pathogenicity
``` antigens = Group A lancefield, M protein (inhibits phago) patho = streptolysin O (oxygen-labile), streptolysin S (oxygen-stable), pyrogenic exotoxin, enzymes (streptokinase activates plasmin) ```
56
streptococcal Group A beta-hemolytic skin infections
folliculitis (hair follicle) pyoderma = pustule last 4-6 days and slowly heals leave depigmented area erysipelas = superficial skin and dermis, raised bright red rash with sharp borders cellulitis = red swollen hot skin impetigo = vesicular, blistered eruption of skin around mouth (usaully children)
57
steptococcal Group A beta-hemolytic acute diseases
``` strept pharyngitis skin infection necrotizing fasciitis Scarlet fever streptococcal toxic shock syndrome ```
58
necrotizing fasciitis
caused by streptococcus, clostridium, and gram negative enteric species day1 - swelling heat res, Day 2 - color change -> blue with blisters later skin dies and Muscle may be infected mortality > 50% Fournier's gangrene = male genital and perinium
59
streptococcal group A Beta-hemolytic delayed Ab-mediated diseases
Rheumatic fever | acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
60
rheumatic fever
post strep pharyngitis (NOT skin infection) Ab-mediated symptom - fever myocarditis, joint swelling, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, chest pain, arrhythmias, heart failure, acute migratory polyarthrtitis damages 1st mitral and then aortic valve increase susceptibility to valvular infections from other bact prophylatic penicillin therapy to prevent recurrent bouts of infection
61
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
type 3 hypersensitivity of Ab-complex deposition on glomeruli week post strept infection of pharynx or skin fluid retention = puffy raise, hypervolemia, high BP hematuria = dark urine
62
Group B streptococci
beta-hemolytic streptococcus algalactiae most infect infants (in vagina and transmitted during birth) meningitis, (lumbar puncture) pneumonia, in at risk adults (diabetes, malignancy, liver and renal fail, stroke, elderly sepsis in pregnant women (30% secondary spontaneous abort and stillbirth)
63
Most common organisms that cause meningitis before 3 months? | between period of maternal Ab wane and infant development?
before 3 months = Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Group B streptococcus other period = Neisseria meningitides, and Haemonphilus influenzae
64
Viridan group streptococci
Groups = Mitus, Salivarius, Mutans, Angiosus Alpha-hemolytic no lancefield antigens dental infections, subacute bacterial endocarditis, abscsesses (S. intermedius)
65
Streptococcus intermedius in blood... what should you do?
CAT scan with contrast to look for abscesses | brain and abdominal organs
66
subacute bacterial endocarditis
viridan streptococcus and Group D streptococcus dextran allows to stick to valve slow growing slow onset, fever, fatigue, anemia, heart murmers
67
Group D streptococcus
``` alpha-hemolytic enterococcus (faecalis and faecium) resistant to ampicillin and vacomyocin non-enterococcus (equinus and BOVIS) Bovis associated with colon cancer both in weak hosp pts UTI, biliary tract infection, bacteremia, subacute bacterial endocarditis ```
68
steptococcus pneumoniae
alpha-hemolytic no lancefield antigens with capsule, lancet-shaped diplococci (pairs) most common adult meningitis and pneumonia and children otitis media pneumonia - rigors, high fever, SOB, yellow-green phlegm, lobular consolidation (pus, bact, exudate)
69
differentiating strept group D from strept pneumoniae
both alpha-hemolytic Optochin sensitivity - inhibits pneumoniae only Quellung reaction - Ab to capsule cause swelling and visualization fo capsule
70
most common organismisms involve in otitis media in children
streptococcus pneumoniae (30%), haemonphilus influenzae (25%), Moraxella catarrhalis (15-20%)
71
streptococcal pneumoniae vaccine to whom
immunocomprised, elderly, asplenic, HIV | Hetavalent conjugate protects against otitis media
72
steptococcal antibiotic resistances
S pneumoniae = penicillin, erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol Group D streptococci enterococcus = Ampicillin and vancomycin

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