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Human bio > Chapt 7 (diseases) > Flashcards

Chapt 7 (diseases) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define pathogens

A

disease causing organism

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2
Q

define communicable disease

A

diseases that are transmitted from and infected person to a non infected person

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3
Q

compare bacteria and viruses in terms of size, level of harm, nucleic acid, ability to survive out of host, and living or non-living

A

bacteria: 1-10micrometres, light microscope
harmful or harmless
DNA and RNA
can survive outside host
prokaryotic, unicellular
Virus: 20-750nanometres, electron microscope
always harmful
DNA or RNA
needs host to survive
non-living

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4
Q

list the compulsory components of bacteria

A
  • DNA: floats freely/ plasmids
  • Cytoplasm: granulated due to ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles
  • Cell membrane: phospholipid bilayer
  • Cell wall: usually peptidoglycan, a protein-carbohydrate
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5
Q

list the optional parts of bacteria

A
  • capsule: made of carbohydrates for protection
  • slime layer
    -flagella: movement
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6
Q

List all the components of viruses

A
  • DNA or RNA (nucleic acid)
  • protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid
  • (optional) lipid or lipoprotein envelope
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7
Q

state how viruses infect living cells

A
  • virus bind to host cell
  • insert nucleic acid into host cell
  • replication of virus nucleic acid within cell
  • manufacture virus proteins using viral RNA/DNA polymerase
  • burst out of cell, killing it
  • goes to infect more cells
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8
Q

describe bacteriophages

A

viruses that multiply in bacterial cells

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9
Q

state 4 types of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrio

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10
Q

define contagious disease

A

diseases transmitted directly from an infected person to a non infected person

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11
Q

state 6 modes of transmission

A

contact, ingestion, body fluids, droplets, airborne, vectors

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12
Q

contact

A

direct (touching an infected person) or indirect (touching an object that was touched by an infected person)

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13
Q

ingestion

A

food or drink contaminated by pathogens

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14
Q

body fluids

A

body fluids of an infected person come in contact with the bloodstream or mucous membranes of an uninfected person

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15
Q

droplets

A

droplets of moisture containing pathogenic organisms emitted when talking breathing coughing sneezing

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16
Q

airborne transmission

A

moisture in droplets evaporate, some bacteria die, but viruses and some bacteria still remain viable for a longer distance because they are lighter

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17
Q

vectors

A

intermediate hosts of a pathogen

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18
Q

purpose of non-specific defence

A

defence of the body that acts against all pathogens

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19
Q

purpose of external defence

A

prevent pathogens from entering the bloodstream

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20
Q

name 7 external defenses

A

skin, mucus, cilia, acids, lysozyme, cerumen, flushing action

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21
Q

skin

A
  • impervious barrier
  • large amount of skin bacteria, difficult for microorganisms to become established
  • sebum secreted from sebaceous glands kills some bacteria
  • sweat contains salts, fatty acids, and lysozymes, preventing the growth of microorganisms
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22
Q

mucous membranes

A

-mucous membranes line body cavities that open to the exterior
-mucus traps particles because its sticky, inhibits entry of microorganisms

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23
Q

cilia

A

-tiny hair-like projections from cells capable of a rhythmic beating motion
- moves mucus up and out of the trachea into the throat to cough or swallow

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24
Q

acids

A
  • HCl in stomach kills most microbes
  • vagina is slightly acidic, hostile environment for microorganisms
  • urine, sweat are slightly acidic
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25
Q

cerumen

A

protects the outer ear against infection from some bacteria

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26
Q

lysozyme (6)

A
  • enzyme which kills bacteria
  • cerumen, saliva, sweat, tears, nose secretions, tissue fluid
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27
Q

flushing action

A

-urination, urethra is flushed out, kept relatively free of pathogens
-blinking, eyes are flushed out, kept relatively free of pathogens

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28
Q

internal defenses function

A

work to eliminate all types of pathogens

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29
Q

define phagocytes

A

specialised leucocytes that engulf, ingest and digest microorganisms and cell debris

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30
Q

describe monocytes and macrophages

A

non-granulated leucocytes, monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, differentiate into macrophages

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31
Q

how and what do macrophages phagocytose

A
  • either move through the tissue looking for and phagocytose pathogens OR
  • fixed in one place and phagocytose pathogens that come to them
  • remove microbes and dying cells
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32
Q

describe neutrophils

A

granulated leucocytes with lobulated nucleus
- when they die they form pus

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33
Q

how and what do neutrophils phagocytose

A
  • first cells to move into tissues to phagocytose pathogens
  • primarily kill pathogens inside cells
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34
Q

define a fever

A

elevation in the body temperature >37°C

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35
Q

what causes a fever?

A
  • pyrogens are released by leucocytes during the inflammatory response
  • act on the hypothalamus, causing it to reset body’s set temperature to a higher level than normal (>36.8°C)
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36
Q

what happens before crisis?

A
  • thermoreceptors detect that the body temperature is below set point
  • vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin reduce blood flowing through them, decrease heat loss through skin from blood
  • shivering, involuntary rhythymic contraction of muscles generate heat
  • these increase body’s temperature to new set point
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37
Q

what happens after crisis?

A
  • during the crisis, the fever breaks, hypothalamus resets set temperature back to normal
  • thermoreceptors detect that body temperature is higher than set point
  • person feels hot starts to sweat increasing heat loss
  • vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin, increase amount of blood flowing through them, increase heat loss through skin from blood, person appears flushed
  • decreases body temperature down to normal set point
38
Q

purpose of fever

A
  • inhibit growth of bacteria and virus replication
  • increase rate of chemical reactions
39
Q

define inflammatory response

A

response to any damage in the tissues, causing heat, redness, swelling, and pain

40
Q

3 purposes of inflammation

A
  • decrease the spread and prevent additional entry of pathogens
  • remove damaged tissue and cell debris
  • begin repair of damaged tissue
    also its assisted by proteins in the complement system
41
Q

How, why do mast cells release chemicals?

A
  • when there is abnormal damage to tissues like mechanical damage or chemical changes,
  • mast cells will be activated with complement proteins and release histamine, heparin and other chemicals
42
Q

what do histamine and heparin do?

A

histamine: increases blood flow to damaged tissues through vasodilation AND increases permeability of capillary walls
heparin: prevents clotting at the immediate area of injury, BUT a clot of fluid forms around the damaged area, decreasing spread of pathogens to healthy tissues

43
Q

How is phagocytosis involved?

A

complement proteins and chemicals released by mast cells attract phagocytes to phagocytose pathogens and cell debris, dead phagocytes form pus

44
Q

what happens after inflammation?

A

mitosis to produce new cells, repair of damaged tissues

45
Q

how is there heat and redness in inflammation?

A

increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels caused by histamine

46
Q

how is there swelling in inflammation?

A

escape of fluid out of blood into tissues due to increased permeability of capillary walls caused by histamine

47
Q

how is there pain in inflammation?

A

abnormal conditions like damaged tissues stimulate pain receptors

48
Q

specific defense

A

defense of the body against a specific pathogen

49
Q

immune system

A

different types of cells present in most organs of the body that protects against foreign organisms, alien chemicals and abnormal cells in the body

50
Q

immune response

A

response triggered by foreign substances or microorganisms entering the body

51
Q

define antigen

A

any substance capable of triggering an immune response and production of antibodies
- large molecules like main 4

52
Q

self-antigens

A

antigens produced in the persons own body such that it does not trigger an immune response

53
Q

antibodies

A

Y shaped specialised proteins released by plasma cells produced in reponse to a non-self antigen
- type of immunoglobulin

54
Q

antigen-antibody complex
2 conditions

A

compound formed when an antibody combines with an antigen
- antigen has a specific active site with a particular shape, antibodies has the complementary shape
- each antibody can only combine with 1 particular antigen

55
Q

how antibodies work (non phagocytosis)

A
  • inactivate foreign enzymes or toxins by combining with them or inhibiting their reaction with other cells or compounds
  • bind to surfaces of viruses, preventing them from entering cells
  • dissolve organisms
56
Q

how antibodies work (phagocytosis)

A
  • coat bacteria to make them easier to phagocytose
  • cause agglutination
  • react with soluble substances to make them less soluble
57
Q

what do antigen presenting cells do

A
  • Detect presence of non-self antigen
  • Engulf pathogen
  • Digest the pathogen, producing small fragments that move to the surface of the cell
  • Present the antigen to the lymphocytes

dendritic cells, macrophages, undifferentiated B cells

58
Q

antibody mediated immunity function and definition

A

production and release of antibodies by plasma cells into the blood and lymph
provides resistance against virus, bacteria, bacterial toxins before these microorganisms or substances enter body cells

59
Q

describe B cells

A

produced and mature in the bone marrow, occur in the lymphoid tissue
have a receptor for a particular antigen, capable of responding to the particular antigen

60
Q

antibody mediated process

A
  • antigen presenting cell presents antigen to helper T cell
  • helper T cell releases cytokines, which activate B cells
  • B cells undergo mitosis and form a group of cells called a clone
  • differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
61
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce and release antibodies able to bind with the the active site of antigen, antibodies circulate through blood lymph extracellular fluid to reach site of infection

62
Q

what do memory B and T cells do

A

spread throughout the tissue, allow response to occur more rapidly next time pathogen enters body

63
Q

Cell mediated immunity function

A

provides resistance against the intercellular phase of bacterial and viral infections, whole cells, cancer cells

64
Q

T cells description

A

produced in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, occur in the same lymphoid tissue as B cells, but occupy different areas of lymphoid tissue
each type of T cell responds to 1 particular antigen

65
Q

Cell mediated immunity process

A

antigen presenting cell present antigen to T lymphocytes, causing them to become sensitised
enlarge and divide into a group of identical T cells, differentiate into 4 types

66
Q

Killer T

A

migrate to site of infection to deal with invading antigen
attaches to an infected cell and secretes a chemical that destroys the antigen, then goes in search of more antigens

67
Q

Helper T

A

binds to antigen on antigen presenting cell, stimulating secretion of cytokines which
- sensitises lymphocytes, intensifying response
- intensify phagocytosis of macrophages
- attract lymphocytes and macrophages to site of infection
- promotes action of killer T cells

68
Q

define cytokine

A

protein released in response to non-self antigen and act as messengers in the immune response

69
Q

Suppressor T

A

when immune activity has become excessive or infection has been dealt with successfully, release substances that inhibit B and T cells activity, slows down immune response

70
Q

primary response

A

first exposure to antigen
takes several days for B cells to multiply and differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies, level of antibodies reaches a peak, then declines over time

71
Q

secondary response

A

second exposure to same antigen,
memory cells recognise antigen more quickly,
plasma cells form quickly, antibody levels in plasma rising rapidly to a higher level that lasts longer
antigen has little opportunity to exert effect on body, no illness

72
Q

immunity

A

resistance to infection from invading microorganisms

73
Q

natural vs artifical

A

no human intervention vs being given antibody or antigen

74
Q

passive vs active

A

body receives antibodies from another source vs body produces its own antibodies in response to non-self antigens

75
Q

vaccine

A

antigen preparation for artificial immunisation

76
Q

living attentuated

A

produced with microorganisms with a reduced virulence (ability to cause disease)
often prepared by recombinant DNA

77
Q

inactivated

A

made with a dead organism, not as long lasting

78
Q

toxoid

A

inactivated toxins produced by bacteria so they do not cause illness

79
Q

sub unit

A

fragment of microorganism to trigger immune response

80
Q

herd immunity

A

high proportion of population are immunised, those who are not immune are protected

81
Q

health reasons

A

allergic reaction to medium in which vaccine was cultured, experienced reactions before

82
Q

social reasons

A

ethical concerns with use of human tissue to produce vaccines
ethical concerns with use of animal tissue to produce vaccines
ethical concerns with animal testing to produce vaccines
ethical concerns with informed consent
availability

83
Q

economic reasons

A

expensive
commercialisation, interests of commercial vaccine production affects its use

84
Q

immunisation

A

prepare immune system to respond to pathogens/become immune to a pathogen

85
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs used to fight infections caused by bacteria

86
Q

narrow/broad spectrum

A

wide range of different types/specific types

87
Q

bacteriocidal

A

kills bacteria directly by changing nature of the cell wall/cell membrane or disrupting action of essential enzymes

88
Q

bacteriostatic

A

stops bacteria from reproducing by preventing protein synthesis

89
Q

multiple/total drug resistance

A

resistance of some strains of bacteria to most/all available antibiotics

90
Q

antivirals

A

treatment of infections caused by viruses, inhibit development of virus

Human bio (10 decks)

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