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HL Biology > Chapt 6 > Flashcards

Chapt 6 Flashcards

Tour of the Cell

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1
Q

What device was indispensable for the study of the cell?

A

Light microscope

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2
Q

What are the two most important parameters of microscopy?

A

Magnification and Resolving Power

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3
Q

The ratio of an object’s image size to its real size is—-

A

Magnification

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4
Q

A measure of the clarity of the image is—-

A

Resolving Power

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5
Q

What is the maximum resolving power of a light microscope?

A

0.2 um or 200 nm

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6
Q

What is the maximum magnification which a light microscope can magnify effectively?

A

1000 times the size of the specimen

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7
Q

Define Contrast

A

the difference between adjacent densities or the thing that accentuates different parts of the specimen

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8
Q

What can help with contrast in microscopy?

A

Staining or labeling cell components

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9
Q

What is a useful technique for studying cell structure and function?

A

Cell fractionation

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10
Q

What is the purpose of cell fractionation?

A

It takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another.

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11
Q

What piece of lab equipment is used for cell fractionation?

A

Centrifuge

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12
Q

Subcellular structures are called…..

A

Organelles

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13
Q

Can organelles be seen by light microscope?

A

No

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14
Q

What helped scientists to learn about organelles?

A

Electron microscopy

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15
Q

Explain the basic function of electron microscopy.

A

It focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface.

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16
Q

How is resolution related to wavelength?

A

Resolution is inversely related to the wavelength of the radiation that a microscope uses for imaging.

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17
Q

True or False: Electron beams have longer wavelengths than visible light.

A

False.

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18
Q

What’s the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.002 nm

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19
Q

Which is smaller in size: a mitochondria or virus?

A

Virus (100 nm) is smaller. Mitochandria (1 um)

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20
Q

1 nanometer= …..how many micrometers?

A

0.001 um

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21
Q

Define Cell Ultrastructure

A

The anatomy of a cell revealed by electron microscope

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22
Q

What’s so special about a scanning electron microscope?

A

The electron beam scans the the surface of the sample, coated with gold. The beam excites the electrons on the surface of the specimen. Then, the secondary electrons are detected by a device detects these electrons and sends their pattern via electronic signal to a video screen. This results in a 3D image providing greater depth of field.

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23
Q

What type of electron microscopy is used to detect the internal ultrastructure of cells?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

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24
Q

How is a specimen prepped for TEM?

A

A thin section of specimen is stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures, thus enhancing electron density of some parts of the cell more than others.

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25
Q

Are cells alive or dead when viewing under an electron microscope?

A

Dead

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26
Q

Can cells be alive or dead when viewing under a light microscope?

A

Can be alive or dead.

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27
Q

List 6 types of Light Microcscopy techniques

A
  1. Brightfield 2. Brightfield with stain 3. Phase Contrast 4. Differential interference contrast 5. Fluorescence 6. Confocal
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28
Q

What does Phase contrast do?

A

enhances contrast in unstained specimens

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29
Q

What does Differential interference contrast do?

A

It makes exaggerates the differences in density, making the image appear 3D

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30
Q

Does an ultrifuge spin samples at a faster or slower rate than the average centrifuge?

A

Faster! They spin up to 130,000 RPMs

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31
Q

What type of microscope would you use to study living white blood cells?

A

Light

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32
Q

What type of microscope would you use to study the detailed structure of an organelle?

A

Transmission Electron microscope

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33
Q

What type of microscope would you use to study the surface texture of hair?

A

Scanning Electron microscope

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34
Q

How do stains differ between light microscopy and electron microscopy?

A

Stains for light microscopy are colored molecules that bind to cell components affecting the light passing through it. Electron stains involve heavy metals that affect beams of electrons passing through.

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35
Q

A selective barrier common with all cells is called…..

A

Plasma membrane

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36
Q

What is jelly-like substance enclosed by the plasma membrane?

A

Cytosol

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37
Q

Identify parts of the following cell:

A

Nuclear Pore

Nucleolus

Nuclear Envelope

Centriole

Golgi Apparatus

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Rough E.R.

Smooth E.R.

Ribosomes

Lysosomes

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38
Q

True for False: A prokaryotic cell lacks a true nucleus

A

True

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39
Q

T or F: All cells contain chromosomes

A

True

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40
Q

T or F: Only animal cells have ribosomes

A

False

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41
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To make proteins

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42
Q

What’s the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

It’s where they store their DNA. For eukaryotic cells it’s stored in the nucleus. For prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found in a region which is not membrane-bound called nucleoid.

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43
Q

Interior of a prokaryotic cell is called…

A

Cytoplasm

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44
Q

Which cell type is larger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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45
Q

What are the smallest cells known?

A

Bacteria, especially mycoplasma

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46
Q

General size of most eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 um

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47
Q

What is the purpose of flagella?

A

Locomotion of organelles of some bacteria

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48
Q

Why is the plasma membrane so important?

A

It allows the sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell.

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49
Q

As a cell increases in size, ____ grows proportionately more than _____.

Total surace area=

A

Volume grows proportionately more than its surface area

height x width of all box sides x number of boxes

50
Q

Total volume of cell can be caluculated by…

Surface-to-volume ratio (S-to-V)

A

Height x widthx length x number of boxes

Surface area/volume

51
Q

Which object would have a greater ratio of surface area to volume? A smaller or larger object?

A

Smaller object

52
Q

T or F: Larger organsims do not typically have larger cells, they just have more cells.

A

True

53
Q

Describ why so many cells have long thin shape to them. Give an example.

A

Longer and thinner shape exposes more surface area to provide for better exchange of materials. Example: intestinal cells have microvilli which increase surface area without increasing volume, allowing maximum materials to be exchanged.

54
Q

Describe the unique structure of a cellular membrane

A

It consists of a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids. Embedded in this layer are diverse proteins.

55
Q

Animal cells contain what three structures which plants don’t have?

A

Lysosomes

Centrosomes

Flagella

56
Q

Name 4 structures which plant cells have but animal cells do not.

A

Chloroplasts

Central vacuole

Cell Wall

Plasmodesmata

57
Q

Where is most ATP generated?

A

Mitochandria

58
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

It’s a digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

59
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

To increase the cell’s surface area

60
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They make proteins: free proteins in cytosol or bound proteins bound to rough E.R. or bound to nuclear envelope

61
Q

Name 3 parts to the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

62
Q

_____ is a network of membranous sacs and tubes, active in membrane synthesis.

Describe the E.R

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R)

E.R. consists of both rough and smooth regions

63
Q

What’s the function of the centrosome?

A

Region of the cell where microtubules are initiated. Contains a pair of centrioles.

64
Q

What is the purpose of the central vacuole in plant cells?

A

It functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis fo macromolecules

65
Q

Explain function of plasmodesmata

A

Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. (Like little doorways in a house connecting adjacent rooms)

66
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

It is the photosynthetic organelle which converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

67
Q

The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the ____ and carried out by the ___

A

Nucleus. Carried out by the ribosomes

68
Q

T or F: The nuclear membrane is a double membrane.

A

True. 2 lipid bilayers

69
Q

Discrete units of DNA are housed in ___

A

chromosomes

70
Q

Within the chromasome, it is comprised of ___ and __, a complex known as ___

A

proteins and DNA, a complex known as chromatin

71
Q

Human cells have how many chromosomes?

What is the only exception?

A

46

Sex cells which have 23

72
Q

Where does the ribosomal RNA reside?

A

nucleolus

73
Q

Can there be more than one nuclei?

A

Yes.

74
Q

Describe the path of protein synthesis in the nucleus.

A

Nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messanger RNA (mRNA) according to the instructions from DNA.

The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm via nuclear pores.

Once in the cytoplasm, ribosomes translate the mRNA’s genetic message into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide.

75
Q

Another name for protein factory

A

Ribosome

76
Q

Would a cell with a high number of ribosomes also have a high number of nucleoli?

A

Yes.

77
Q

Free ribosomes are found where?

Bound ribosomes are attached where?

A

Cytosol

Attached to the outside of the E.R or nuclear envelope

78
Q

What type of proteins do bound ribosomes make?

Free ribosomes mmake what kind of proteins?

A

Proteins which are destined for insertion into membranes,

Enzymes that catalyze the first steps of sugar breakdown.

79
Q

Name structures which are part of the endomembrane system (5)

A

E.R.

Golgi apparatus

lysosomes

vacuoles

plasma membrane

80
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER (3)?

A

Synthesis of lipids

Metabolism of of carbohydrates

detoxification of drugs and poisons

81
Q

Where are the sex hormones of vertebrates produced?

A

Smooth E.R. (testes and ovaries are rich in smooth ER)

82
Q

Calcium ions are stored in rough or smooth ER?

Why are calcium ions important to muscle?

A

Smooth

They help trigger the contraction of the muscle cell.

83
Q

Where are drugs detoxified in the body?

A

Liver. There are plentiful smooth ER in the liver cells

84
Q

Insulin is secreted on the rough ER in _____ cells

A

Pancreatic cells

85
Q

Most secretory proteins are what kind of specialized protein?

A

Glycoproteins

86
Q

After leaving the ER, what is the next destination of transport vesicles?

A

Golgi apparatus

87
Q

The flattened membranous sacs of the Golgi are called____

A

cisternae

88
Q

Two different ends of the Golgi are __ and __

Vesicles start at which end and get shipped out at which end?

A

cis and trans

Vesicles interface with the cis end and get transported to other parts of the cell via trans end.

89
Q

Glycoproteins get modified in which organelle?

A

Golgi apparatus

90
Q

____ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules.

A

Lysosomes

91
Q

Lysosomes are happier in a more basic environment, rather than acidic. True or False

A

False

92
Q

Amoebas eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles, process is called ___

A

phagocytosis

93
Q

What type of human cell is capable of phagocytosis?

A

the white blood cell. It defends the body by destroying bacteria and other invaders

94
Q

If the lysosome uses their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material, it’s called ___

A

Autophagy

95
Q

For plants and fungi which lack lysosomes, ___ carry out hydrolysis.

A

Vacuoles

96
Q

The solution inside a central vacuole in a plant is called __

A

cell sap

97
Q

___ and ____ change energy from one form to another.

A

Mitochandria in animals

Chloroplst in plants

98
Q

Where is the site of cellular respiration?

Why is cellular respiration important?

A

mitochandria

It is the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars , fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen.

99
Q

Where is the site of photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

100
Q

Are mitochandria and chloroplasts part of teh endomembrane system?

A

No.

101
Q

Where are the membrane proteins of mitochandria made?

Do mitochandria contain any DNA?

A

free ribosomes in the cytosol

Yes, a small amount

102
Q

Peroxisomes imports its proteins from ____

A

cytosol

103
Q

Are mitochandria found in plant cells?

A

Yes

104
Q

The higher the metabolic activity of the cell, the higher number of _____

A

mitochandria

105
Q

T or F: the mitochandria do not have a phospholipid bilayer

A

False

106
Q

Chloroplasts contain the green pigment ___

A

chlorophyll

107
Q

T or F: Peroxisomes are bound by a phospholipid bilayer.

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

False.

They contain enzymes which transfer hydrogen drom various substrates to oxygen.

108
Q

Which organelle buds from the endomembran system, lysosomes or peroxisomes?

A

Lysosomes. The peroxisomes increase in number by splitting in 2 when they reach a certain size.

109
Q

What’s the role of the plant cytoskeleton?

A

Support

Mobility

Regulation

110
Q

Name 3 components of the cytoskeleton.

A

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

111
Q

Which component of the cytoskeleton is the thickest?

Which are the thinnest?

A

Microtubules

Microfilaments

112
Q

Name the protein subunits for each cytoskeleton component:

A. Microtubules

B. Microfilaments

C. Intermediate filaments

A

A. Tubulin (alpha and beta)

B. Actin

C. Keratin

113
Q

In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a ___

___ are located within the centrosome and occur in pairs

When an animal cell divides, the centrioles ____

A

centrosome

centrioles

replicate

114
Q

Cilia and Flagella are specialized arrangements of ___

Which is more numerous…motile cilia or flagella?

A

Microtubules

Cilia are more numerous. There’s usually only one or a few flagella

115
Q

Give a good example of of a cell that uses flagella propulsion for movement.

Give a good example of cilia movement with power stroke/recovery stroke.

A

Sperm

Freshwater protozoa

116
Q

Microtubules have role in being compression resistan in cells. T or F.

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

True

To bear tension, pulling forces.

117
Q

T or F: Contraction of a muscle cell results from the actin and myosin filaments sliding past one another.

A

True.

118
Q
A
119
Q
A
120
Q
A

HL Biology (2 decks)

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