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Psych 2 Winter 2020 Shirinyan > Chapt 4: Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapt 4: Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized and excreted

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2
Q

routes of administration

A
  1. Intravenous Injection
  2. Intraperitoneal Injection
  3. Intramuscular Injection
  4. Subcutaneous Injection
  5. Oral Administration
  6. Sublingual Administration
  7. Intrarectal Administration
  8. Inhalation
  9. Topical Administration
  10. Intracerebral Administration
  11. Intracerebroventricular Administration
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3
Q

Intravenous Injection (IV)

A

Injection of a substance direction into a vein

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4
Q

Intraperitoneal Injection (IP)

A

injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity (the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver and other abdominal organs)

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5
Q

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

A

injection of a substance into a muscle

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6
Q

Subcutaneous Injection (SC)

A

injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin

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7
Q

Oral Administration

A

administration of a substance into the mouth so that it is sswallowed

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8
Q

Sublingual Administration

A

Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue

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9
Q

Intrarectal Administration

A

administration of a susbstance into the rectum

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10
Q

inhalation

A

administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs

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11
Q

Topical Administration

A

administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane

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12
Q

Intracerebral Administration

A

administration of a substance directly into the brain

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13
Q

Intracerebroventricular Administration (ICV)

A

administration of a susbtance into one of the cerebral ventricles

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14
Q

Protein Binding Means?

A

“Protein binding can enhance or detract from a drug’s performance. As a general rule, agents that are minimally protein bound penetrate tissue better than those that are highly bound, but they are excreted much faster… Agents that are highly protein bound may, however, differ markedly from those that are minimally bound in terms of tissue penetration and half-life. “

Source: Protein Binding: what does it mean?
DOI: 10.1177/106002808902300706

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15
Q

Lipid Solubility

A

ease with drug molecules are soluble in fa

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16
Q

depot binding

A

binding of a drug with various tissues of the body or with proteins in the blood

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17
Q

albumin

A

a protein found in the blood; serves to transport free fatty acids and can bind with some lipid-soluble drugs

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18
Q

inactivation and excretion

A
  1. enzymes deactivate drugs (e.g. liver)

2. drugs are eventually excreted (e.g. kidneys)

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19
Q

Dose Responsive Curve

A
  1. a graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered
  2. at a plateau there’s no further effect despite increasing the drug
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20
Q

Question: do drugs have only one effect?

A

no, many drugs have more than one effect

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21
Q

Question: What should be taken into consideration when determining the effective dose for treatment?

A

the different effects of a drug

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22
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

the ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals

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23
Q

Tolerance

A

a decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

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24
Q

Sensitization

A

an increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

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25
Q

withdrawal symptoms

A

the appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken

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26
Q

placebo effects

A

an inert substance that is given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug

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27
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

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28
Q

agonist

A

a drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

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29
Q

what is effected by agonists and antagonists?

A

production, storage, release, (binding), re-uptake and destruction of neurotransmitters

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30
Q

drug affects on synaptic transmission (agonists)

A
  1. drug serves as precursor
  2. drug stimulates release of neurotransmitter
  3. drug stimulates postsynaptic receptors
  4. drug blocks auto receptors; increases synthesis/ release of neurotransmitters
  5. drugs blocks re-uptake
  6. drug inactivates acetylcholinestrase (the enzyme whose purpose is to terminate synaptic transmission)
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31
Q

Drug affects on synaptic transmission (antagonist)

A
  1. drug inactivates synthetic enzyme; inhibits synthesis of neurotransmitter
  2. drug prevents storage of neurotransmitter in vesicles
  3. drug inhibits release of neurotransmitter
  4. drug blocks postsynaptic receptors
  5. drug stimulates auto receptors; inhibits synthesis/ release of neurotransmitter
32
Q

direct agonist

A

a drug that binds with and activates a receptor

33
Q

direct antagonist

A

a drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor

34
Q

ligand

A

a molecule that binds to another molecule
or
an ion or molecule attached to a metal atom by coordinate bonding

35
Q

noncompetitive binding

A

binding of a drug to a site on a receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

36
Q

indirect antagonist

A

a drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

37
Q

presynaptic heteroreceptor

A

a receptor located in the membrane of a terminal button that receives input from another terminal button by means of an axoxonic synapse; binds with the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal button

38
Q

heteroreceptor

A

terminal receptors for other transmitters that may act either to stimulate or inhibit release at that terminal

39
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

primary neurotransmitter secreted by efferent axons of the PNS

40
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the CNS and toward muscles to cause movement

41
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli toward the CNS and brain

42
Q

major concentrations of ACh in the CNS include:

A
  1. dorsolateral pons (role in REM sleep)
  2. basal forebrain (role in learning)
  3. medial septum (role in memory)
43
Q

botulinum toxin

A

an ACh antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons

44
Q

black widow spider venom

A

a poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine

45
Q

hemicholinium

A

a drug that inhibits the uptake of chonline

46
Q

neogstigmine

A

a drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase

47
Q

nicotinic ACh receptor

A

an ionotripic ACh receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare

48
Q

muscarinic ACh receptor

A

a metabotropic ACh receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine

49
Q

the monoamines

A

a class of amines that includes indolamine, such as serotonin, and catecholamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

50
Q

dopamine

A
  1. a catecholamine synthesized from L-DOPA
  2. major CNS dopaminergic systems include
    a) nigrostriatal system (role in movement)
    b) mesolimbic system (role in reinforcement/ reward)
    c) mesocortical system (role in short-term memory, planning and problem solving)
51
Q

methylphenidate

A

a drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine

52
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

a class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines

53
Q

deprenyl

A

a drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B; dopamine agonist

54
Q

chlorpromazine

A

a drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine (D sub 2) receptors

55
Q

role of monoamine oxidase

A

MAO converts dopamine to an inactive substance when not stored in synaptic vesicles

56
Q

norepinephrine

A

one of the catecholamines; a neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the ANS

57
Q

epinephrine

A

one of the catecholamines; a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; serves also a neurotransmitter in the brain

58
Q

moclobemide

A

a drug that blocks the activity of MAO-A; acts as a noradrenergic agonist

59
Q

locus coeruleus

A

a dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near rostral end of the floor of the fourth vehicle

60
Q

serotonin

A

an indolamine neurotransmitter; also called 5-hydroxytyptamine (5-HT)

61
Q

PCPA

A

a drug that inhibits the activity of typtophan hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of 5-HT

62
Q

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

A

a drug that inhibits the re-uptake of 5-HT

63
Q

Fenfluramine

A

a drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT

64
Q

MDMA

A

a drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, aka ecstacy; has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects

65
Q

Glutamate

A

an amino acid; the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

66
Q

NMDA receptor

A

a specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg^2+ ions; has several other binding sites

67
Q

AMPA receptor

A

an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA

68
Q

AP5

A

a drug that blocks the glutamate binding site on NMDA receptors

69
Q

PCP

A

phencyclidine; a drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist

70
Q

GABA

A

an amino acid; the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Produced from glutamic acid by the action of an enzyme called GAD

71
Q

benzodiazepine

A

a category of anxiolytic drugs and indirect agonist for the GABA receptor

72
Q

anxiolytic

A

an anxiety reducing effect

73
Q

adenosine

A

a nucleoside; a combination of ribose and adenine; serves as a neuromodulator in the brain

74
Q

caffeine

A

a drug that blocks adenosine receptors

75
Q

caffeine in common beverages

A
  1. coffee 85mg per 5 oz
  2. decaf coffee 3mg per 5 oz
  3. tea (3 min steep) 28 mg/ 5oz
  4. hot chocolate 30 mg/ 5oz
  5. cola 30-45/12 oz
  6. Baking chocolate 36 mg/oz
  7. milk chocolate 6 mg/oz

Psych 2 Winter 2020 Shirinyan (1 decks)

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