Chaps 10 & 11 Flashcards
Autonomy
State of independence from another country, the ability to act by oneself.
World Health Org
UN org that deals with health issues around the world. Eradicated smallpox
GDP per capita
Measure of a country’s development. It is the total size of a country’s economy divided by the population
Purchasing Power Pariry
A measure that compares 2 currencies and adjusts them so that they can be compared in a meaningful way.
Big Mac Index
A measure created by The Economist that compares the value of currencies by comparing the cost of a Big Mac hamburger in different countries. The US is used as the baseline cost for the jndex
Gini coefficient
A measure of the distribution of income in a country raining from 0 to 1 where 0 means perfect equality and 1 means perfect inequaliry
Human Development Index
Measure of the level of human development in a country. Includes GDP per capita, life expectancy and education levels
Structural factors
Historical and environmental factors that influence how a country can develop it’s economy
Resource curse
Curious negative effect for a country’s economy when the country has a valuable resource (such as oil)
Patronage politics
Using state finds to pay off private or semi private political supporters
Modernization theory
Theory of 1950-60s that suggested all countries should be able to develop by following the practices of wealthy states in Europe and North America
Neocolonialism
The practice of maintaining control over smaller developing countries by keeping strong dependent links to the government and or dominating their economies. This allows a powerful state to control a smaller state without colonizing it
Foreign direct investment
When a company in one country invests in a company in another country that leads to the investor to have control over the new company
Host country
The country in which a multinational corporation owns other companies
Home country
The term used to describe where the headquarters of the multinational corporation is based
Expropriation
The taking or nationalization of property owned by a foreign company with or without compensation
Import substitution industrialization
Development policy that promotes cutting off international trade and substituting it with domestic production
Export-led growth
The idea that to develop a country’s economy the government should push for companies to focus on the products that can be exported to other countries
Subsidies
Funds given to companies by a government to help them grow
Orthodox liberal
Extreme free-market approach where gov is very limited and most of a country is composed of private enterprise
Neoliberal
A return to liberal or free-market economics
Washington Consensus
And orthodox liberal approach to development that too cold in the 1980s and was used to try to promote economic growth in poor countries. Had very little success
Pegged exchange rates
Foreign currency exchange rates that are fixed by government officials against another currency or standard rather than freely traded in a market setting
Balance-of-payments
I countries balance between exports, imports and debt. If exports are too low and cannot support the countries that there is an economic crisis
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The original organization of the World Bank designed to promote reconstruction especially in Europe after World War II
Magna Carta
“Great Charter” signed by King John of England in 1215 which noted that freemen had certain rights that the monarch could not take away, like right to not be imprisoned without legal justification
First-generation human rights
(Individual rights) rights individuals have simply because they are human beings and which are not to be violated by governments
Second-generation human rights
(Societal rights) material and economic rights that apply society-wide, like the rights to education, employment, shelter, healthcare etc
Third-generation human rights
(Group rights) rights that need to protect unpopular or minority groups from the oppression of the majority
Honor killings
Murders if girls or women by a male figure in their family when they are thought to have violated socially acceptable sexually based roles. By killing the offender, the males in the family seek to restore family’s honor and are not prosecuted for their crimes
Cultural relativism
Idea that human rights are not truly universal and different cultures have different systems of rights
Responsibility to protect (R2P)
Norm that states have a responsibility to protect their citizens from avoidable harm and if they can or will not the international community has a responsibility to do so
Convention on genocide
1948 UN treaty that both defined genocide and made it a crime weather it occurred at peace or wartime
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1948 UN treaty that provided a comprehensive listing of the rights of all people
Human security
Emphasis on the security of people, not territory. Set out by UN development in 1994
Civil society groups
NGOs that promote democracy and human rights on a global basis
War crimes
Excessive war brutality. In violation of international treaties or conventions
Crimes against humanity
Acts of war against a civilian population
Aggression
Unjustified use of force against another state
Restorative justice
Justice that seeks to repair the damage sine to victims by allowing them a voice in the resolution of their grievances
Populist revolutions
Grassroots revolts typically against repressive governments dominated by mass turnouts of the people
Smart sanctions
Sanctions that target specific individuals responsible for a regime’s human rights violations rather than targeting a state’s entire population
International Criminal Court
ICC located in the Netherlands, tries individuals accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and aggression
UNICEF
UNited nations children’s find. Created in 1946
CEDAW
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, approved by the UN general assembly in 1979
European Court of Human Rights
Created in 1959. One of the most active courts involved in human rights cases
International civil society
International system based on the norms of democracy and human rights
