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Structional Fire Fighting Strategrys And Tatics > Chaps 1-6 > Flashcards

Chaps 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical process that occurs at a fast rate to produce heat and usually light in form of a glow or flame

A

Combustion

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2
Q

A rapid oxidation process which a gas phase chemical reaction results in light and heat

A

Fire

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3
Q

A material that will maintain combustion under specific environmental conditions

A

Fuel

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4
Q

Any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas that reacts to promote or initiate combustion of combustible materials

A

Oxidizer

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5
Q

Anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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6
Q

Capacity to perform work, occurs when force is applied to an object over a distance or a substance undergoes a chemical biological or physical changE

A

Energy

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7
Q

Chemical process that occurs when a substance combines with an OXIDIZER such as oxygen in air ( rust on metal )

A

Oxidation

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8
Q

Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work once released

A

Potential energy

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9
Q

Total amount of thermal energy that could be generated by combustion reaction if a fuel were completely burned. Measured in kilojoules( not energy in name )

A

Heat of combustion

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10
Q

Energy possessed by moving a object because of its motion

A

Kinetic energy

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11
Q

Kinetic energy associated with random motions of molecules of a material or object (think heat)

A

Thermal energy

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12
Q

Joule

A

The way energy is measured in international system of units . 4.2 joules is needed to change 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius

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13
Q

Chemical reaction between 2 or more materials that CHANGE MATERIAL and produce heat

A

Exothermic reaction

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14
Q

Chemical reaction where a substance absorbs heat

A

Endothermic reaction

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15
Q

Fire triangle O, F, H

A

Oxygen fuel heat

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16
Q

Chemical decomposition of a solid material by heating. (Liquid would be vaPorization)

A

Pyrolysis

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17
Q

Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with enough heat to start a combustion reaction PI

A

Piloted ignition

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18
Q

To draw in and transport solid particles or gases by the flow of

A

Entrain

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19
Q

FUELS in which the energy of combustion derives principally from CARBON (wood, cotton , coal , petroleum

A

Carbon based fuels

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20
Q

Hydrocarbon fuels

A

Compound that contain only hydrogen and carbon. ( plastics or synthetic)

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21
Q

Smoke is a aerosol comprised of ?

A

Gases , vapors and solid particulates

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22
Q

Asphyxiation

A

Fatal condition caused by severe oxygen deficiency and excess of CO or other gases in blood

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23
Q

Colorless, odorless gas. Toxics and flammable. Formed by incomplete combustion of carbon. Decrease bloods ability to carry oxygen

A

Carbon monoxide

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24
Q

Colorless, toxic and flammable liquid until it reaches 79 f above that it becomes a gas with a faint Odor similar to bitter almonds produce by nitrogen bearing substance

A

Hydrogen cyanide

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25
Q

Formaldehyde

A

Colorless gas that is highly irritating to the nose.

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26
Q

Nitrogen dioxide

A

Reddish brown or yellowish brown liquid . Toxic and corrosive

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27
Q

Colorless gas with a chocking or suffocating Odor . Toxic and corrosive SD

A

Sulfur dioxide

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28
Q

FORCE per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pounds per square inch
Standard temp 68 degrees

A

Pressure

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29
Q

Buoyant

A

Capacity of a liquid or gas to remain afloat or rise

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30
Q

Measure of the rate of HEAT transfer to or From a surface

A

Heat flux

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31
Q

Chemical reaction that increase the temp of a material WITHOUT the addition of external HEAT

A

Self heating

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32
Q

Ignition without the addition of external heat

A

Spontaneous ignition

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33
Q

Electrical energy can occur by ?
RH , oC, Ol

A

Resistance heating (portable heater)
Over current or overload
Arcing
Sparking

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34
Q

Friction or compression (movement of 2 surface against each other makes heat ) is what kind of energy ?

A

Mechanical energy

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35
Q

Transfer of heat through and between solids ( touching a hot stove )

A

Conduction

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36
Q

Transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of fluids (gas or liquid) (smoke moving from a fire )

A

Convection

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37
Q

The point where 2 things that are in thermal contact no longer transfer heat because there the same temp

A

Thermal equilibrium

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38
Q

TendencyOf a material to CONDUCT you within its volume measured in energy transferred over distance per degree of temperature

A

Thermal conductivity

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39
Q

Transfer of heat energy from one body to another body at a lower temperature

A

Radiation

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40
Q

Radiation is a common cause of?

A

Exposure fires

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41
Q

Fuel that has been oxidized or burn during combustion Ra

A

Reducing agent

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42
Q

Organic fuels

A

Gasoline, fuel, plastics ,wood or paper

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43
Q

Amount energy delivered over a given period of time P

A

Power

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44
Q

Most dangerous fuel types already in the physical state to ignite

A

Methane ( natural gas), hydrogen and acetylene

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45
Q

Density of gases in relation to air

A

Vapor density

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46
Q

Mass of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature

A

Specific gravity

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47
Q

PRESSURE at which a vapor is an equilibrium with it liquid phase at a given temperature

A

Vapor pressure

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48
Q

Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite is at what point ?

A

Flashpoint

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49
Q

Flammable liquids such as alcohol methane ethanol will mix readily with water

A

Polar solvents

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50
Q

Range between upper FLAMMABLE and it’s in the lower flammable limits in which a substance can ignite FER

A

Flammable explosion range

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51
Q

Electrical charged highly reactive part of molecules released during combustion reaction FR

A

Free radical

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52
Q

Extinguishment of fire by interruption of the chemical chain reaction ( dry chem extinguisher)

A

Chemical flame inhibition

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53
Q

When sufficient oxygen is available for flaming combustion.
Fl

A

Fuel limited

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54
Q

Fire with limited ventilation in which the heat release rate or growth is limited by the amount of oxygen available to the fire

A

Ventilation limited

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55
Q

Stages of fire development

A

Incipient stage
Growth
Fully developed
Decay

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56
Q

Ventilation limited fires may also?

A

Self extinguish

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57
Q

When flames reach 2.5 feet high the fire will enter what stage

A

Growth stage

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58
Q

Horizontal movement of a layer of hot gases and combustion buy products from the centerpoint of the plume Cj

A

Ceiling jet

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59
Q

Area surrounding a heat source in which there is sufficient air available to feed a fire Cz

A

Combustion zone

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60
Q

Tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperatures gas density and pressure

A

Thermal layering

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61
Q

space between the air intake and exhaust outlet Fp

A

Flow path

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62
Q

Flames in the hot gas layer that indicate the gas layer is within its frame of the range and has begun to ignite observed immediately before a flash over

A

Isolated flames

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63
Q

Interference between the hot gas layers in the cooler layers of air

A

Neutral plane

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64
Q

Rapid transition from growth stage to fully developed stage. Combustible materials and fuel gas is in the compartment ignite almost simultaneously

A

Flash over

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65
Q

Explosion or rapid burning of a superheat gases that occur when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space may occur because of an adequate or improper ventilation

A

Backdraft

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66
Q

During flashover the environment of a room changes from

A

A two layer condition (hot on top cooler on bottom) to a single well mixed hot gas condition from floor to ceiling. as flashover occurs the gas temperatures in the room reach 1100°

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67
Q

Rollover may occur during what stage

A

Growth stage as the hot gas where forms at the ceiling of the compartment

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68
Q

During flash over the volume of burning gases can increase from approximately

A

1/2 of the rooms upper volume to fill the entire rooms volume

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69
Q

Roll over

A

Unburned fire gases that have accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gases layers or across the ceilings

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70
Q

4 common elements of flashover

A

Transition and fire development - growth to full developed
Rapidity - Matter of seconds
Compartment- enclosed space
Pyrolysis of a exposed fuel surface- all gases ignite

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71
Q

Auto ignition temperature of carbon monoxide

A

1100°

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72
Q

Two main types of fully developed fires

A

Ventilation limited and fuel limited

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73
Q

Flashover indicators building FL , TP , V

A

Fuel load ,thermal properties and ventilation

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74
Q

Flashover indicator smoke

A

Rapidly increase in volume turbines darkening color and lowering of her gas layer or neutral plan

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75
Q

Flash over indicator flame

A

Isolated flame or roll over and hook ass layer or near ceiling

76
Q

Flashover indicator heat

A

Rapidly increasing temperature in compartments

77
Q

Hi neutral plane may indicate that the fire is in what stage

A

Early stage of development

78
Q

Mid-level neutral plan could indicate

A

Apartment has not yet vented or flashover is approaching

79
Q

Very low neutral plan

A

May indicate that fire is reaching flashover conditions

80
Q

Backdraft indicator smoke

A

Pausing smoke around small openings in the building smoke stained windows

81
Q

Backdraft sound indicator is

A

Hi cracking and breaking sounds

82
Q

Backdraft indicator flame

A

Little or no visible flame

83
Q

Form of fire GAS ignition of accumulated flammable products of combustion in here that are within their flammable range SE

A

Smoke explosion

84
Q

Unprotected engineered steel and wooden trust can fail after how many minutes

A

5 to 10 minutes for steel trust1000°

85
Q

Floors above basement fires are especially prone to

A

Joist failures

86
Q

Assessment of a facility or location made before emergency occurs in order to prepare for an appropriate emergency response

A

Preincident survey

87
Q

Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location also known as fire inspections

A

Preincident planning

88
Q

Common information recorded on survey forms may include?

A

Occupancy information, access, water supply, utilities shut off’s, hazards, roof construction, ventilation system, building systems control, number of stories, at DC and standpipe location

89
Q

Non-combustible barriers or dividers hung from the ceiling’s in large open areas that are designed to minimize mushrooming effects of heat and smoke

A

Draft curtains

90
Q

PLASTIC that softens with an increase of temperature and hardens with a decrease in temperature which is not undergo any chemical change

A

Thermal plastic

91
Q

Pitot gauge

A

Used on a hydrant to measure pressure. We use it when we do I hydrants

92
Q

Needed fire flow formula

A

Length x width /3x % involvement

93
Q

Horizontal members between trust that support the roof. Made of metal known for failing

A

Purlin

94
Q

Loadbearing walls

A

Well that supports out in the weight of a roof Inn or other internal structure components.

95
Q

Non-loadbearing walls

A

Why is usually interior that support only it’s on weight

96
Q

Non-combustible’s

A

In capable of supporting Combustion under normal circumstances

97
Q

Protected steal

A

Steel structure members that are covered with either spray on fire proofing or fully engaged in encased system

98
Q

Type 1 construction

A

All structure members are composed of only non-combustible materials that possess a high fire resistance rating. Expected to remain structurally Stable during a fire. Reinforced with concrete, Masonary and or protected steel frame

99
Q

Type 2 construction

A

Composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development. Non-combustible materials that do not meet the sticker requirements of type one. Unprotected steel is common 

100
Q

Type 3 construction

A

Churches schools apartment buildings merchants. This construction type requires that exterior walls be constructed of non-combustible materials typically masonry while the interior materials can be anything code permitted. Unprotected steel aluminum non-loading bearing walls are found in type three

101
Q

Type 4 construction

A

Heavy timber construction large diameter timbers greater than 4 inches for all structural elements. Exterior walls are constructed of non-combustible materials, interior or solid or laminate wood with no concealed space. More resistance to collapse

102
Q

Wooden structural members composed of any relatively short piece of lumber glued and laminated together under pressure to form a long extremely strong beam

A

Glue laminate beams

103
Q

Type 5 construction

A

Known as wood frame or frame construction. Often constructed of 2 x 4 board. Use of lightweight engineer lumber to support both roof and floor loads. Your typical house

104
Q

Wooden structural panel formed by gluing and compressor wood strands together under pressure. This material has replace plywood and planking in most instructions. Roof decks walls floors are all made of OSB

A

Oriented strand board

105
Q

Most energy efficient homes are typically constructed of which type

A

5

106
Q

Unclassified construction types

A

Prefabs

107
Q

Five categories of factory built homes

A

Manufactured - most common, Completely prevaricated prior to delivery

Modular - Pieces trans ported to say and put together once

Paneized - homes Assembled on site from preconstruction panels made a foam insulation sandwiches between sheets of plywood

Precut- Paul houses post and beam, A-frames log houses

Hybrid modular - Unit part such as bathrooms or mechanical room is constructed in factories move decide and assemble there

108
Q

Fires That begin on a open floor plan construction will likely be ? Regarding oxygen

A

Oxygen control because they have adequate oxygen available

109
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Typically for residential type structure built before 1980 where the structures is divided into multiple rooms

110
Q

Basement fires are difficult to control?

A

Most basements only have one entry point, ceilings generally exposed, ventilation is limited

111
Q

Space between top floor of a structure and the roof is referred to as?

A

Attic or cock loft

112
Q

Cockloft

A

Space 2 to 3 feet in height that is found over commercial building spaces it is not designed for human habitation

113
Q

Concealed space

A

Any area between wall surfaces over ceilings and under floors that are not visible from the normal occupied area, designed to provide insulation and sound barriers

114
Q

Factors to be considered for potential structural collapse?

A

Construction type, age,Renovations, contact, length of time the fire has been going, stage of the fire, amount of water used, whether

115
Q

Collapse zone

A

Area beneath the wall in which the wall is likely to land if it loses structural integrity

116
Q

Equation to estimate collapsible zone

A

1.5x the height of building

117
Q

Type 1 construction collapse zone

A

High-rise buildingsNot likely to collapse primary concern flying glass from windows.

118
Q

Type 2 construction Collapse zone

A

Construction consist of unprotected steel or non-combustible support such as I-beams when exposed to temperatures above 1000 expand and twist pushing out walls and one cold or slightly constrict these movements will cause floors and walls to collapse

119
Q

Type 3 construction Collapse zone

A

Multi zone buildings should have a collapse zone of 1 and 1/2 times the height of the structure.

120
Q

Type 4 construction Collapse zone

A

Heavy timber or milk construction is least likely to collapse

121
Q

Type 5 construction Collapse zone

A

Influence by style of construction. Multi stories or generally burn through and collapse inword while balloon can have full walls fall outward. It’s rare to have a house callapse outward.

122
Q

Weight of water per gallon

A

8.33

123
Q

250 gallons per minute adds how much water per minute to a structure

A

1 ton

124
Q

Dimensional lumber floor systems collapse at time ?

A

11:57

125
Q

Engineer fold systems Collaspe at

A

7 mins

126
Q

Gable roof

A

Cape

127
Q

Hip roof

A
128
Q

Gambrel

A
129
Q

Mansard

A
130
Q

Butterfly

A
131
Q

Monitor roof

A
132
Q

Sawtooth roof

A
133
Q

Shed roof

A
134
Q

Arched roof

A
135
Q

Bowstring truss

A
136
Q

Flat roof components layer

A
137
Q

Written or unwritten plan for an accident contains overall strategy calls objectives and supporting requirements for give an operational. During an incident

A

Incident action plan

138
Q

Freelancing

A

Individuals or crew members as I enjoyed their own actions that they believe will help control the situation. Happens to When there is no decision of IC.

139
Q

U.S. mandated Incident management system that defines The rules, responsibilities, and standard operation procedures used to manage emergency operations

A

National incident management system - incident command system

140
Q

First arriving emergency service personnel should?

A

Establish the NIMS-ICS
Make decisions
Take Actions that will influence the rest of the operation

141
Q

The number of direct subordinates that a supervisor can effectively manage

A

Span of control

142
Q

IDLH

A

Immediately Dangerous to life and health.

143
Q

Size up

A

Ongoing evaluation of influential factors at a scene of an incident. To be done immediately after arriving at an incident

144
Q

Range of motion in a given direction.

A

Velocity

145
Q

When considering the foundation of the decision making process what are 4 components? FPPP

A

Facts, perception, projection, probabilities

146
Q

Most common particles Found in smoke
TSC

A

Tar, soot and carbon

147
Q

Light white smoke indicates?

A

Pyrolysis (change by heat) . Rarely explodes. White smoke usually means low heat.

148
Q

Gray smoke indicates?

A

Combination of mixing, Midstage heat to high heat

149
Q

Brown smoke indicates?

A

Commonly in the middle stage of heat moisture mixes with gases and carbon as pyrolysis increases. Indication of burning wood

150
Q

Black smoke indicates

A

Fires involving synthetics plastics made from hydrocarbons will give off large amounts of black smoke. Good indicator of carbon monoxide and flammable
Gases

151
Q

Once Ventilation plane is unable to feed oxygen to the large growing fire what happens?

A

It will become ventilation controlled and fill the area becoming a back draft or smoke explosion hazard.

152
Q

Neutral plane indications

A

Neutral plane indicates that the fire is an early stage of development, when the neutral plane is roughly center between the ceiling on the floor the fire is beginning to be a ventilation controlled and flash over conditions are developing, a neutral plane closer for me indicate that the compartment is reaching flash of a condition where the fire is a grade below the room being observed

153
Q

Rapid change in heat inside a building fire indicates?

A

Flashover

154
Q

Air movement is rabbit in turbulent as a fire becomes?

A

ventilation controlled

155
Q

Fire with a limited ventilation in which the heat release rate or growth is limited by the amount of oxygen available to the fire

A

Ventilation controlled

156
Q

Three common types of moving in smoke are?
F, H, Vp , Hp

A

Floating or hanging-
Volume pushed-
Heat pushed

157
Q

Floating or hanging smoke means ?

A

smoke is the same temperature as the air around it often found an air condition buildings, why is there a sprinkler controlled or smoke particles are filtered and called by passing through cracks in the walls walls

158
Q

Movement of liquid or gas at a high rate of speed and no define pattern to the movement Tf

A

Turbulent flow

159
Q

Movement of the liquid or gas at a low rate of speed and a predictable direction is what flow ? Lf

A

Laminar flow

160
Q

Blistered paint indicates

A

Both temperature extreme and location of a neutral plan it may also indicate fire behind wall

161
Q

C.A.R.A stands for

A

Condition
Actions
Resources
Air

162
Q

Ambulatory occupants ?

A

Capable of moving on their own without assistance

163
Q

Largest life lost fires occur in

A

Assembly occupancy’s

164
Q

A large plume Of black smoke may indicate?

A

Hydrocarbon fire with accelerant or a structure containing a large quantity of plastic materials

165
Q

LIP Priorties

A

Life safety, Incident stabilization and property conservation

166
Q

10 rules of engagement for structural fire fighting

A
167
Q

Par should be checked how often ?

A

10-20 mins

168
Q

Fire behavior indicators photo

A
169
Q

Fire fighting operations required to prevent fire From extending from the area of origin to uninvolved areas of the structure

A

Confinement

170
Q

Primary search

A

Rapid search of location of fire or victims it now performed during or before fire suppression operations

171
Q

Slow thorough search to make sure the new watch bands were overlooked during the primary search conducted after fire is under control

A

Secondary search

172
Q

Veis stands for

A

Vent, enter, isolate, search. When a victim is presented in a specific room within the structure that is a direct access point to enter the room typically a window

173
Q

Exposure

A

Any area to which fire can spread.

174
Q

Smoke exiting the structure lazily typically indicates?

A

The fire is on a floor below

175
Q

Smoke exiting under pressure with a defined neutral plan is a sign of?

A

A fire on the same level with the smoke

176
Q

Fire that is located in a remote part of a structure hidden from view by objects in the room

A

Shielded fire

177
Q

Use an application of high-volume ventilation fans before fire a Suppression which are intended to force heat and smoke towards desired exhaust openingsy

A

Positive pressure attack

178
Q

Planned, systematic, and coordinated removal of heated air small gases or other airborne contaminants from a structure and replacingWith cooler or fresh air

A

Tactical ventilation

179
Q

Technique using smoke ejectors to develop circulation and you pull smoke out of structure

A

Negative pressure ventilation

180
Q

Method of ventilating a room or structure by mechanically blowing fresh air through an inlet opening into the space insufficient volume to create a slight positive pressure within in there by forcing the containment atmosphere out the exit opening

A

Positive pressure ventilation

181
Q

air has a vapor density of

A

1

182
Q

Gas has a vapor density

A

Less than 1

183
Q

A specific gravity less than one indicates a substance is

A

Lighter than water

184
Q

Specific gravity greater than one indicates a substance is

A

heavier than water

185
Q

An estimated 250 gallons per minute and how much of water per minute to a structure

A

1 ton

186
Q

When fire originates in a low level of a building such as a basement on the first floor, convicted heat current will cause vertical extension through

A

Stairways, vertical shaft, concealed spaces and atrium 

187
Q

Weather conditions that can affect tactical ventilation?

A

Wind,temp,atomospheric pressure , precipitation and relative humidity

Structional Fire Fighting Strategrys And Tatics (1 decks)

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