Chaps 1-6 Flashcards
Chemical process that occurs at a fast rate to produce heat and usually light in form of a glow or flame
Combustion
A rapid oxidation process which a gas phase chemical reaction results in light and heat
Fire
A material that will maintain combustion under specific environmental conditions
Fuel
Any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas that reacts to promote or initiate combustion of combustible materials
Oxidizer
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
Capacity to perform work, occurs when force is applied to an object over a distance or a substance undergoes a chemical biological or physical changE
Energy
Chemical process that occurs when a substance combines with an OXIDIZER such as oxygen in air ( rust on metal )
Oxidation
Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work once released
Potential energy
Total amount of thermal energy that could be generated by combustion reaction if a fuel were completely burned. Measured in kilojoules( not energy in name )
Heat of combustion
Energy possessed by moving a object because of its motion
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy associated with random motions of molecules of a material or object (think heat)
Thermal energy
Joule
The way energy is measured in international system of units . 4.2 joules is needed to change 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius
Chemical reaction between 2 or more materials that CHANGE MATERIAL and produce heat
Exothermic reaction
Chemical reaction where a substance absorbs heat
Endothermic reaction
Fire triangle O, F, H
Oxygen fuel heat
Chemical decomposition of a solid material by heating. (Liquid would be vaPorization)
Pyrolysis
Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with enough heat to start a combustion reaction PI
Piloted ignition
To draw in and transport solid particles or gases by the flow of
Entrain
FUELS in which the energy of combustion derives principally from CARBON (wood, cotton , coal , petroleum
Carbon based fuels
Hydrocarbon fuels
Compound that contain only hydrogen and carbon. ( plastics or synthetic)
Smoke is a aerosol comprised of ?
Gases , vapors and solid particulates
Asphyxiation
Fatal condition caused by severe oxygen deficiency and excess of CO or other gases in blood
Colorless, odorless gas. Toxics and flammable. Formed by incomplete combustion of carbon. Decrease bloods ability to carry oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Colorless, toxic and flammable liquid until it reaches 79 f above that it becomes a gas with a faint Odor similar to bitter almonds produce by nitrogen bearing substance
Hydrogen cyanide
Formaldehyde
Colorless gas that is highly irritating to the nose.
Nitrogen dioxide
Reddish brown or yellowish brown liquid . Toxic and corrosive
Colorless gas with a chocking or suffocating Odor . Toxic and corrosive SD
Sulfur dioxide
FORCE per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pounds per square inch
Standard temp 68 degrees
Pressure
Buoyant
Capacity of a liquid or gas to remain afloat or rise
Measure of the rate of HEAT transfer to or From a surface
Heat flux
Chemical reaction that increase the temp of a material WITHOUT the addition of external HEAT
Self heating
Ignition without the addition of external heat
Spontaneous ignition
Electrical energy can occur by ?
RH , oC, Ol
Resistance heating (portable heater)
Over current or overload
Arcing
Sparking
Friction or compression (movement of 2 surface against each other makes heat ) is what kind of energy ?
Mechanical energy
Transfer of heat through and between solids ( touching a hot stove )
Conduction
Transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of fluids (gas or liquid) (smoke moving from a fire )
Convection
The point where 2 things that are in thermal contact no longer transfer heat because there the same temp
Thermal equilibrium
TendencyOf a material to CONDUCT you within its volume measured in energy transferred over distance per degree of temperature
Thermal conductivity
Transfer of heat energy from one body to another body at a lower temperature
Radiation
Radiation is a common cause of?
Exposure fires
Fuel that has been oxidized or burn during combustion Ra
Reducing agent
Organic fuels
Gasoline, fuel, plastics ,wood or paper
Amount energy delivered over a given period of time P
Power
Most dangerous fuel types already in the physical state to ignite
Methane ( natural gas), hydrogen and acetylene
Density of gases in relation to air
Vapor density
Mass of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature
Specific gravity
PRESSURE at which a vapor is an equilibrium with it liquid phase at a given temperature
Vapor pressure
Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite is at what point ?
Flashpoint
Flammable liquids such as alcohol methane ethanol will mix readily with water
Polar solvents
Range between upper FLAMMABLE and it’s in the lower flammable limits in which a substance can ignite FER
Flammable explosion range
Electrical charged highly reactive part of molecules released during combustion reaction FR
Free radical
Extinguishment of fire by interruption of the chemical chain reaction ( dry chem extinguisher)
Chemical flame inhibition
When sufficient oxygen is available for flaming combustion.
Fl
Fuel limited
Fire with limited ventilation in which the heat release rate or growth is limited by the amount of oxygen available to the fire
Ventilation limited
Stages of fire development
Incipient stage
Growth
Fully developed
Decay
Ventilation limited fires may also?
Self extinguish
When flames reach 2.5 feet high the fire will enter what stage
Growth stage
Horizontal movement of a layer of hot gases and combustion buy products from the centerpoint of the plume Cj
Ceiling jet
Area surrounding a heat source in which there is sufficient air available to feed a fire Cz
Combustion zone
Tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperatures gas density and pressure
Thermal layering
space between the air intake and exhaust outlet Fp
Flow path
Flames in the hot gas layer that indicate the gas layer is within its frame of the range and has begun to ignite observed immediately before a flash over
Isolated flames
Interference between the hot gas layers in the cooler layers of air
Neutral plane
Rapid transition from growth stage to fully developed stage. Combustible materials and fuel gas is in the compartment ignite almost simultaneously
Flash over
Explosion or rapid burning of a superheat gases that occur when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space may occur because of an adequate or improper ventilation
Backdraft
During flashover the environment of a room changes from
A two layer condition (hot on top cooler on bottom) to a single well mixed hot gas condition from floor to ceiling. as flashover occurs the gas temperatures in the room reach 1100°
Rollover may occur during what stage
Growth stage as the hot gas where forms at the ceiling of the compartment
During flash over the volume of burning gases can increase from approximately
1/2 of the rooms upper volume to fill the entire rooms volume
Roll over
Unburned fire gases that have accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gases layers or across the ceilings
4 common elements of flashover
Transition and fire development - growth to full developed
Rapidity - Matter of seconds
Compartment- enclosed space
Pyrolysis of a exposed fuel surface- all gases ignite
Auto ignition temperature of carbon monoxide
1100°
Two main types of fully developed fires
Ventilation limited and fuel limited
Flashover indicators building FL , TP , V
Fuel load ,thermal properties and ventilation
Flashover indicator smoke
Rapidly increase in volume turbines darkening color and lowering of her gas layer or neutral plan
Flash over indicator flame
Isolated flame or roll over and hook ass layer or near ceiling
Flashover indicator heat
Rapidly increasing temperature in compartments
Hi neutral plane may indicate that the fire is in what stage
Early stage of development
Mid-level neutral plan could indicate
Apartment has not yet vented or flashover is approaching
Very low neutral plan
May indicate that fire is reaching flashover conditions
Backdraft indicator smoke
Pausing smoke around small openings in the building smoke stained windows
Backdraft sound indicator is
Hi cracking and breaking sounds
Backdraft indicator flame
Little or no visible flame
Form of fire GAS ignition of accumulated flammable products of combustion in here that are within their flammable range SE
Smoke explosion
Unprotected engineered steel and wooden trust can fail after how many minutes
5 to 10 minutes for steel trust1000°
Floors above basement fires are especially prone to
Joist failures
Assessment of a facility or location made before emergency occurs in order to prepare for an appropriate emergency response
Preincident survey
Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location also known as fire inspections
Preincident planning
Common information recorded on survey forms may include?
Occupancy information, access, water supply, utilities shut off’s, hazards, roof construction, ventilation system, building systems control, number of stories, at DC and standpipe location
Non-combustible barriers or dividers hung from the ceiling’s in large open areas that are designed to minimize mushrooming effects of heat and smoke
Draft curtains
PLASTIC that softens with an increase of temperature and hardens with a decrease in temperature which is not undergo any chemical change
Thermal plastic
Pitot gauge
Used on a hydrant to measure pressure. We use it when we do I hydrants
Needed fire flow formula
Length x width /3x % involvement
Horizontal members between trust that support the roof. Made of metal known for failing
Purlin
Loadbearing walls
Well that supports out in the weight of a roof Inn or other internal structure components.
Non-loadbearing walls
Why is usually interior that support only it’s on weight
Non-combustible’s
In capable of supporting Combustion under normal circumstances
Protected steal
Steel structure members that are covered with either spray on fire proofing or fully engaged in encased system
Type 1 construction
All structure members are composed of only non-combustible materials that possess a high fire resistance rating. Expected to remain structurally Stable during a fire. Reinforced with concrete, Masonary and or protected steel frame
Type 2 construction
Composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development. Non-combustible materials that do not meet the sticker requirements of type one. Unprotected steel is common 
Type 3 construction
Churches schools apartment buildings merchants. This construction type requires that exterior walls be constructed of non-combustible materials typically masonry while the interior materials can be anything code permitted. Unprotected steel aluminum non-loading bearing walls are found in type three
Type 4 construction
Heavy timber construction large diameter timbers greater than 4 inches for all structural elements. Exterior walls are constructed of non-combustible materials, interior or solid or laminate wood with no concealed space. More resistance to collapse
Wooden structural members composed of any relatively short piece of lumber glued and laminated together under pressure to form a long extremely strong beam
Glue laminate beams
Type 5 construction
Known as wood frame or frame construction. Often constructed of 2 x 4 board. Use of lightweight engineer lumber to support both roof and floor loads. Your typical house
Wooden structural panel formed by gluing and compressor wood strands together under pressure. This material has replace plywood and planking in most instructions. Roof decks walls floors are all made of OSB
Oriented strand board
Most energy efficient homes are typically constructed of which type
5
Unclassified construction types
Prefabs
Five categories of factory built homes
Manufactured - most common, Completely prevaricated prior to delivery
Modular - Pieces trans ported to say and put together once
Paneized - homes Assembled on site from preconstruction panels made a foam insulation sandwiches between sheets of plywood
Precut- Paul houses post and beam, A-frames log houses
Hybrid modular - Unit part such as bathrooms or mechanical room is constructed in factories move decide and assemble there
Fires That begin on a open floor plan construction will likely be ? Regarding oxygen
Oxygen control because they have adequate oxygen available
Compartmentalization
Typically for residential type structure built before 1980 where the structures is divided into multiple rooms
Basement fires are difficult to control?
Most basements only have one entry point, ceilings generally exposed, ventilation is limited
Space between top floor of a structure and the roof is referred to as?
Attic or cock loft
Cockloft
Space 2 to 3 feet in height that is found over commercial building spaces it is not designed for human habitation
Concealed space
Any area between wall surfaces over ceilings and under floors that are not visible from the normal occupied area, designed to provide insulation and sound barriers
Factors to be considered for potential structural collapse?
Construction type, age,Renovations, contact, length of time the fire has been going, stage of the fire, amount of water used, whether
Collapse zone
Area beneath the wall in which the wall is likely to land if it loses structural integrity
Equation to estimate collapsible zone
1.5x the height of building
Type 1 construction collapse zone
High-rise buildingsNot likely to collapse primary concern flying glass from windows.
Type 2 construction Collapse zone
Construction consist of unprotected steel or non-combustible support such as I-beams when exposed to temperatures above 1000 expand and twist pushing out walls and one cold or slightly constrict these movements will cause floors and walls to collapse
Type 3 construction Collapse zone
Multi zone buildings should have a collapse zone of 1 and 1/2 times the height of the structure.
Type 4 construction Collapse zone
Heavy timber or milk construction is least likely to collapse
Type 5 construction Collapse zone
Influence by style of construction. Multi stories or generally burn through and collapse inword while balloon can have full walls fall outward. It’s rare to have a house callapse outward.
Weight of water per gallon
8.33
250 gallons per minute adds how much water per minute to a structure
1 ton
Dimensional lumber floor systems collapse at time ?
11:57
Engineer fold systems Collaspe at
7 mins
Gable roof
Cape
Hip roof
Gambrel
Mansard
Butterfly
Monitor roof
Sawtooth roof
Shed roof
Arched roof
Bowstring truss
Flat roof components layer
Written or unwritten plan for an accident contains overall strategy calls objectives and supporting requirements for give an operational. During an incident
Incident action plan
Freelancing
Individuals or crew members as I enjoyed their own actions that they believe will help control the situation. Happens to When there is no decision of IC.
U.S. mandated Incident management system that defines The rules, responsibilities, and standard operation procedures used to manage emergency operations
National incident management system - incident command system
First arriving emergency service personnel should?
Establish the NIMS-ICS
Make decisions
Take Actions that will influence the rest of the operation
The number of direct subordinates that a supervisor can effectively manage
Span of control
IDLH
Immediately Dangerous to life and health.
Size up
Ongoing evaluation of influential factors at a scene of an incident. To be done immediately after arriving at an incident
Range of motion in a given direction.
Velocity
When considering the foundation of the decision making process what are 4 components? FPPP
Facts, perception, projection, probabilities
Most common particles Found in smoke
TSC
Tar, soot and carbon
Light white smoke indicates?
Pyrolysis (change by heat) . Rarely explodes. White smoke usually means low heat.
Gray smoke indicates?
Combination of mixing, Midstage heat to high heat
Brown smoke indicates?
Commonly in the middle stage of heat moisture mixes with gases and carbon as pyrolysis increases. Indication of burning wood
Black smoke indicates
Fires involving synthetics plastics made from hydrocarbons will give off large amounts of black smoke. Good indicator of carbon monoxide and flammable
Gases
Once Ventilation plane is unable to feed oxygen to the large growing fire what happens?
It will become ventilation controlled and fill the area becoming a back draft or smoke explosion hazard.
Neutral plane indications
Neutral plane indicates that the fire is an early stage of development, when the neutral plane is roughly center between the ceiling on the floor the fire is beginning to be a ventilation controlled and flash over conditions are developing, a neutral plane closer for me indicate that the compartment is reaching flash of a condition where the fire is a grade below the room being observed
Rapid change in heat inside a building fire indicates?
Flashover
Air movement is rabbit in turbulent as a fire becomes?
ventilation controlled
Fire with a limited ventilation in which the heat release rate or growth is limited by the amount of oxygen available to the fire
Ventilation controlled
Three common types of moving in smoke are?
F, H, Vp , Hp
Floating or hanging-
Volume pushed-
Heat pushed
Floating or hanging smoke means ?
smoke is the same temperature as the air around it often found an air condition buildings, why is there a sprinkler controlled or smoke particles are filtered and called by passing through cracks in the walls walls
Movement of liquid or gas at a high rate of speed and no define pattern to the movement Tf
Turbulent flow
Movement of the liquid or gas at a low rate of speed and a predictable direction is what flow ? Lf
Laminar flow
Blistered paint indicates
Both temperature extreme and location of a neutral plan it may also indicate fire behind wall
C.A.R.A stands for
Condition
Actions
Resources
Air
Ambulatory occupants ?
Capable of moving on their own without assistance
Largest life lost fires occur in
Assembly occupancy’s
A large plume Of black smoke may indicate?
Hydrocarbon fire with accelerant or a structure containing a large quantity of plastic materials
LIP Priorties
Life safety, Incident stabilization and property conservation
10 rules of engagement for structural fire fighting
Par should be checked how often ?
10-20 mins
Fire behavior indicators photo
Fire fighting operations required to prevent fire From extending from the area of origin to uninvolved areas of the structure
Confinement
Primary search
Rapid search of location of fire or victims it now performed during or before fire suppression operations
Slow thorough search to make sure the new watch bands were overlooked during the primary search conducted after fire is under control
Secondary search
Veis stands for
Vent, enter, isolate, search. When a victim is presented in a specific room within the structure that is a direct access point to enter the room typically a window
Exposure
Any area to which fire can spread.
Smoke exiting the structure lazily typically indicates?
The fire is on a floor below
Smoke exiting under pressure with a defined neutral plan is a sign of?
A fire on the same level with the smoke
Fire that is located in a remote part of a structure hidden from view by objects in the room
Shielded fire
Use an application of high-volume ventilation fans before fire a Suppression which are intended to force heat and smoke towards desired exhaust openingsy
Positive pressure attack
Planned, systematic, and coordinated removal of heated air small gases or other airborne contaminants from a structure and replacingWith cooler or fresh air
Tactical ventilation
Technique using smoke ejectors to develop circulation and you pull smoke out of structure
Negative pressure ventilation
Method of ventilating a room or structure by mechanically blowing fresh air through an inlet opening into the space insufficient volume to create a slight positive pressure within in there by forcing the containment atmosphere out the exit opening
Positive pressure ventilation
air has a vapor density of
1
Gas has a vapor density
Less than 1
A specific gravity less than one indicates a substance is
Lighter than water
Specific gravity greater than one indicates a substance is
heavier than water
An estimated 250 gallons per minute and how much of water per minute to a structure
1 ton
When fire originates in a low level of a building such as a basement on the first floor, convicted heat current will cause vertical extension through
Stairways, vertical shaft, concealed spaces and atrium 
Weather conditions that can affect tactical ventilation?
Wind,temp,atomospheric pressure , precipitation and relative humidity
