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Neuro Imaging > Chapman & Nakielny > Flashcards

Chapman & Nakielny Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common extradural mass?

A

Disc herniation/extrusion/sequestration

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2
Q

An extradural mass (unilocular cyst) that’s related to facet joint arthrosis

A

Synovial cyst

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3
Q

Extradural meningeal cysts include the following

A 
Perineural cyst (along spinal nerve, usually within neural foramen)
Arachnoid cyst (within spinal canal, usually posterior)
Tarlov cyst (typically at the sacrum)
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4
Q

What are the 4 most common intradural extra medullary masses?

A

Schwannoma (most common)
Meningioma
Neurofibroma
Arachnoid cyst (follows CSF signal on all sequences)

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5
Q

What are the 3 most common intramedullary masses?

A

Ependymoma (most common intramedullary tumor in adults)
Astrocytoma (most common intrarmedullary tumor in children)
Haemangioblastoma

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6
Q

What is the most common location for transverse myelitis?

A

Thoracic region (no brain/optic nerve involvement)

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7
Q

ADEM (acute monophonic postinfective autoimmune disorder) is most likely seen in which age range?

A

Children/adolescents

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8
Q

This tumor accounts for 90% of tumors arising from the filum terminale

A

Myxopapillary ependymoma (ME)

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9
Q

Fatty thickening of the filum terminale with/without cord tethering is most likely what kind of mass?

A

Filum terminale lipoma

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10
Q

The parapharyngeal space contains primarily fat, small vessels, and small nerves. Where is this space located?

A

Between the parotid, masticator, carotid and pharyngeal mucosal spaces

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11
Q

A mass within the deep lobe of the parotid gland will displace parapharyngeal fat in which direction?

A

Medially

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12
Q

Pathology within the masticator space will displace parapharyngeal fat in which direction?

A

Posteriorly

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13
Q

A mass within the carotid space will displace parapharyngeal fat in which direction?

A

Anteriorly

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14
Q

A mass within the pharyngeal mucosal space will displace parapharyngeal fat in which direction?

A

Laterally

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15
Q

List the most common pharyngeal mucosal space (nasopharynx) lesions

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (SCC or undifferentiated)
Lymphoma
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Tornwaldt cyst

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16
Q

List the most common pharyngeal mucosal space (oropharynx) lesions

A

Tonsil SCC (lingual: tongue based, faucial: palatine based)
Palatine tonsil inflammation/abscess
Lymphoma

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17
Q

Tonsil squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is highly associated with smoking as well as which virus?

A

HPV

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18
Q

List the most common masticator space lesions

A 
Abscess (secondary to dental infection, osteomyelitis of mandible)
Bony lesions of mandible 
Masticator muscle hypertrophy (benign)
Masticator space pseudo-lesions (benign)
Motor denervation of CN VIII
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19
Q

What are 3 top considerations for a focal parotid space lesion?

A 
Pleomorphic adenoma (80% of parotid tumors)
Warthin tumor (second most common, often in the tail)
Lymphoma/nodular metastasis 
Salivary glad carcinomas
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20
Q

Pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland has what kind of appearance?

A

Well-defined
Lobulated mass
Homogenous when small
Hetrogenous when large

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21
Q

Along with parotitis, what else can explain diffuse enlargement of the parotid gland?

A

Sjogrens syndrome

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22
Q

What are 3 common carotid space lesions?

A

Carotid body paraganglioma (most common paraganglioma of the head and neck, located at carotid bifurcation)
Vagal schwannoma
Jugular vein thrombosis

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23
Q

The perivertebral space contains which 2 compartments?

A

Prevertebral

Paraspinal

24
Q

What are some common perivertebral space lesions?

A

Vertebral body metastasis
Infection
Schwannoma

25
Q

What are some common posterior cervical space lesions?

A 
Lymphadenopathy, can be caused by:
Metastatic SCC
Thyroid malignancies 
Lymphoma
Other lesions to consider:
Brachial cleft cyst
Nerve sheath tumor (eg. schwannoma, neurofibroma)
26
Q

What are some common focal retropharyngeal space lesions?

A

Reactive lymph node (common in children)
Metastatic lymphoma node
Lymphoma

27
Q

What are some common diffuse retropharyngeal space lesions?

A

Abscess
Effusion
Suppurative adenopathy
Longus colli tendonitis

28
Q

What are the 3 most common oral mucosal space lesions?

A

SCC
Minor salivary gland carcinoma
Radiation mucositis

29
Q

What are some common sublingual space lesions

A

Simple ranula (post-inflammatory sublingual mucous retention cyst)
Abscess
Sublingual gland carcinoma (90% of sublingual masses are malignant, most common is an adenoid cystic)

30
Q

50% of submandibular space lesions are what?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma of submandibular gland (SMG)

31
Q

What are some common lesions at the root of the tongue?

A

Abscess
SCC invasion (from tongue or floor of the mouth)
Thyroglossal duct cyst

32
Q

What are some common laryngeal lesions?

A

SCC
Vocal cord paralysis
Laryngocele (air/fluid-filled cystic dilatation of laryngeal ventricle)

33
Q

Thyroid enlargement caused by thyroiditis can be seen in which autoimmune diseases?

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis
Graves disease
Riedels thyroiditis
Postpartum thyroiditis

34
Q

Most of the cystic lesions seen in the mandible/maxilla are _____ in origin

A

Odontogenic

35
Q

What are the 3 most common cysts of the mandible/maxilla?

A

Periapical (radicular) cyst: at the apex of a dead tooth
Nasopalatine duct cyst: asymptomatic developmental cyst
Dentigerous cyst: developmental cyst associated with crown of unerupted/impacted toot

36
Q

What are some common solid bony lesions of the mandible/maxilla?

A

Malignant infiltration by adjacent tumor (most common: SCC)
Myeloma (most common at posterior mandible)
Metastasis
Lymphoma

37
Q

What are 3 causes of a sclerotic/calcified/ossified bony lesion at the mandible/maxilla?

A

Osteoma
Metastasis
Exostosis (aka torus)

38
Q

Factoids about fibrous dysplasia of the mandible/maxilla

A

Face/calvarium involvement in 25% of monostotic FD
> 50% involvement in polyostotic FD
Maxilla > mandible

39
Q

What is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults?

A

Melanoma (usually arises from choroid)

40
Q

What are the most common lesions of the optic nerve/sheath?

A

Optic nerve sheath meningioma (seen in 4th-5th decade)
Optic pathway glioma (associated with NF1)
Optic neuritis (5-15 years old, autoimmune inflammation is associated with multiple sclerosis)

41
Q

What is the most common epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

42
Q

What are some causes of diffuse/multifocal skull base lesions?

A 
Metastasis
Pagets disease
Fibrous dysplasia
Myeloma
Osteomyelitis
43
Q

What are some common lesions seen at the clivus?

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Pituitary adenoma
Chordoma

44
Q

What are 3 common causes of acute solitary intracranial hemorrhage (intracerebral)?

A

Hypertension (basal ganglion, pons, cerebellum)
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (lobar location)
Hemorrhagic lesions (eg. metastasis, primary tumors, infarcts)

45
Q

What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?

A

Trauma (most commonly seen in the elderly)

46
Q

Aside from trauma, what are some other common causes of SAH?

A

Intracranial aneurysm
Arteriovenous shunt
Vasculopathy

47
Q

Trauma is the most common cause of multifocal acute intracerebral hemorrhage, what is the most common location?

A

Contusions: anteroinferior frontal lobes and temporal poles

Hemorrhagic shear injury: grey-white matter junction, corpus callosum, brainstem

48
Q

Aside from trauma, what are some other causes of multifocal acute intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

Septic embolism
Hemorrhagic neoplastic lesions
Coagulopathy

49
Q

Enlargement of temporal horns of lateral ventricles
Ventricles disproportionately enlarged compared to sulci
Blunted third ventricular recesses
Evidence of periventriculars CSF transudation
These are all indicators of what?

A

Hydrocephalus

50
Q

CSF over production is caused by?

A

Choroid plexus tumors (eg. papilloma, carcinoma)

51
Q

Ventricular enlargement can be seen with which 3 common causes?

A

Hemorrhage
Intraventricular tumors
Ventriculitis

52
Q

Deep grey matter calcification, typically seen in middle-aged patients and has a symmetrical pattern is characteristic of which pathology?

A

Fahr disease

53
Q

Calcified subependymal nodules associated with cortical tubers is a hallmark of which pathology?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

54
Q

Sturge-Weber syndrome is associated with what kind of intracranial calcification?

A

Usually unilateral with associated cerebral atrophy
Look for:
Retinal enhacement
Ipsilateral choroid plexus enlargement

55
Q

Where does a craniopharyngioma arise from?

A

Suprasellar location (calcification is common)

56
Q

What is the most common posterior fossa mass in an adult?

A

Metastasis (most common infratentorial lesion)

57
Q

What is the most common posterior fossa mass in a child/young adult?

A

Ependymoma (floor of the fourth ventricle)

Neuro Imaging (3 decks)

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