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Chest Imaging > Chapman & Nakielny > Flashcards

Chapman & Nakielny Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent (localized or diffuse) airway dilatation and is more reliably identified on CT

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2
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of bronchiectasis?

A

Post-infective (TB, Mycobacterium, Chronic aspiration)
Traction bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis

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3
Q

What is a distinguishing finding of Mounier-Kuhn syndrome?

A

Grossly dilated trachea, often > 3cm

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4
Q

Name 3 differential diagnosis for increased density of one hemithorax with undisplaced mediastinum

A

Consolidation
Pleural effusion
Malignant pleural mesothelioma

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5
Q

Name 3 differential diagnosis for increased density of one hemithorax with mediastinal displacement away from the dense hemithorax

A

Large pleural effusion
Large intrathoracic tumor
Diaphragmatic hernia

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of increased density of one hemithorax with mediastinal displacement towards the dense hemithorax?

A

Atelectasis

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7
Q

Which pneumonia-causing organism has a high propensity for cavitation?

A

Klebsiella

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8
Q

The “bulging fissure” sign is associated with which organism?

A

Klebsiella

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9
Q

Coccidioidomycosis has a propensity for which lobes?

A

Multiple pulmonary nodules in the upper lobes, cavitation and calcification may be present

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10
Q

Which 2 conditions can present with bilateral pulmonary nodules with cavitations?

A

Wegeners granulomatosis

Rheumatoid nodules

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11
Q

The “water lily” sign is associated with what pathology?

A

Ruptured hydatid cyst, usually seen with the lower lobes

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12
Q

The “comet tail” sign is associated with what pathology?

A

Rounded atelectasis

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13
Q

In the setting of an apical mass, always look for associated _____

A

Adjacent rib destruction

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14
Q

Klebsiella pneumonia is more common in the _____ lobes

A

Upper lobes

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15
Q

What are 3 causes of post-infective pulmonary cysts?

A

Bacterial pneumonia
Pneumocystic jirovecii
Hydatid cyst

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16
Q

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is exclusively seen in what population?

A

Women of childbearing age

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17
Q

Sarcoidosis typically presents with what pattern of bilateral hilar enlargement?

A

Symmetrical and lobulated lymphadenopathy

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18
Q

Lymphoma typically presents with what pattern of bilateral hilar enlargement?

A

Asymmetrical

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19
Q

“Egg-shell” calcifications of lymph nodes are seen in which conditions?

A

Silicosis (approximately 5%)
Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
Sarcoidosis (approximately 5%)
Lymphoma (1-9 years post therapy)

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20
Q

What are 3 causes of bilateral transudative pleural effusion?

A

Cardiac failure
Hepatic failure
Renal failure (especially nephrotic syndrome)

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21
Q

What are 4 causes of exudative pleural effusion?

A

Infection
Malignancy (primary/metastatic)
Collagen vascular disorder (eg. SLE, rheumatoid arthritis)
Pulmonary infarction

22
Q

Describe pleural effusion associated with pancreatitis

A

Predominantly left-sided
Acute/chronic/relapsing
Elevated amylase content

23
Q

Describe the other findings of pleural effusion associated with Meigs syndrome

A

Predominantly right-sided
Ascites
Benign ovarian tumor (typically fibroma)

24
Q

Stannosis is associated with inhalation of what kind of material?

A

Tin dust and fumes

25
What is the most common cause of pleural calcification?
Asbestos exposure
26
Describe the preferred location of pleural plaques associated with asbestosis exposure
Adjacent to anterior ribs Along the superior margin of diaphragms Usually bilateral
27
What are 3 differential diagnosis for a focal pleural mass?
Loculated pleural effusion/empyema Metastasis (eg. from breast/lung) Malignant mesothelioma (usually diffuse but can be focal)
28
Spontaneous pneumothorax are usually caused by what?
Ruptured blebs/bullae M > F More prevalent in tall, thin patients
29
What is the most common cause of unilateral hemidiaphragm elevation?
Phrenic nerve palsy
30
What is the most common cause of bilateral hemidiaphragm elevation?
Poor inspiration effort
31
What is the most common benign rib lesion?
Fibrous dysplasia
32
What is most likely to cause rib expansion and cortical thickening?
Pagets disease
33
What is the most common cause of a focal rib lesion?
Healed rib fracture
34
What has to be considered when there is a rib lesions?
Rib metastasis (eg. from lung, kidney, prostate, or breast)
35
If a sternum fracture is present, what other fractures must be ruled out?
Thoracic spine fractures
36
The "oreo cookie sign" is associated with what finding of the heart?
Pericardial effusion, seen on the lateral chest radiograph
37
What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults?
Myxoma (benign)
38
What is the most common primary cardiac neoplasm in children?
Rhabdomyoma | Presents in infancy/prenatal in most cases
39
What is the most common location for a rhabdomyoma of the heart?
Left/Right ventricle > atrium
40
Name 3 of the most common malignant tumors of the heart
Metastasis Primary sarcoma (angiosarcoma is the most common) Primary lymphoma
41
Kawasaki disease is known to cause what?
Coronary artery aneurysms with/without stenosis
42
Behcet disease and Hughes-Stovin syndrome are both known to cause what?
Pulmonary artery aneurysms
43
Which part of the aorta is most commonly involved in an aneurysm associated with Marfans syndrome?
Ascending aorta
44
Rhabdomyomas of the heart has a strong associating with which disease?
Tuberous sclerosis
45
What are some causes of inferior surface rib notching?
Coarctation of the aorta Proximal subclavian artery occlusion Neurofibromatosis Schwannoma
46
What are some cause of superior surface rib notching?
Connective tissue disorders (eg. RA, SLE, Scleroderma, Marfans syndrome) Hyperparathyroidism Osteogenesis imperfecta
47
Where would you see the "sail" sign of the thymus?
Radiographs of infants/young children A triangular projection to one/both sides of the mediastinum (typically right-side) Inconsistently seen after 2-3 years old
48
What is the most common benign germ cell tumor of the mediastinum?
Teratomas (60%)
49
What is the normal position of the cardiac apex?
Levocardia (left-side)
50
What is a mesocardia?
Cardiac apex at the midline
51
What is a dextrocardia?
Cardiac apex on the right-side

Chest Imaging (3 decks)

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