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Chaper1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘expedite’ mean?

A

Make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly

Synonyms include speed up, accelerate, hurry, hasten.

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2
Q

What is a transgression?

A

The act or process of breaking a law or moral rule

Synonyms include offence, crime, sin, wrongdoing.

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3
Q

What does ‘impinge’ refer to?

A

Having an effect, especially a negative one

Synonyms include collide, crash, hit, impact.

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4
Q

Define hegemony.

A

A situation in which one country, organization, or group has more power, control, or importance than others

Synonyms include leadership, dominance, supremacy.

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5
Q

What is arbitration?

A

The judging of a dispute between people or groups by someone who is not involved

Synonyms include decision, settlement, judgment.

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6
Q

What is a deadlock?

A

A situation in which no progress can be made

Synonyms include tie, impasse, standoff.

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7
Q

What does it mean to concede?

A

To admit or agree that something is true after first denying or resisting it

Synonyms include surrender, yield, give up.

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8
Q

What is a plebiscite?

A

A direct vote by the people of a country or region on a particular policy

Synonyms include vote, poll, referendum.

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9
Q

What does disparate mean?

A

Things that are clearly different from each other in quality or type

Synonyms include contrasting, different, dissimilar.

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10
Q

Define confabulate.

A

To talk together in an informal way; chat

It can also mean to invent experiences that did not really happen.

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11
Q

What does it mean to marginalize?

A

To treat someone or something as if they are not important

Synonyms include demean, deprecate, belittle.

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12
Q

What is grit?

A

Very small pieces of stone or sand; courage and determination despite difficulty

Synonyms include courage, bravery.

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13
Q

What does ‘ostensible’ mean?

A

Appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else

Synonyms include apparent, seeming, superficial.

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14
Q

What is a parley?

A

A discussion between two opposing groups to come to an agreement

Synonyms include confab, conference, consult.

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15
Q

Define umbrella organization.

A

An organization that controls or organizes the activities of several other organizations with a similar purpose

Example: A council representing a large number of tradespeople.

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16
Q

What is a truce?

A

An agreement between two groups to stop fighting or quarreling for a short time

Synonyms include armistice, cease-fire.

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17
Q

What does autarky mean?

A

Economic independence or self-sufficiency

Synonyms include absolutism, dictatorship.

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18
Q

What is meant by seminal?

A

Containing important new ideas and having a great influence on later work

Synonyms include influential, groundbreaking.

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19
Q

What is solace?

A

Comfort or consolation in a time of great distress or sadness

Synonyms include comfort, relief.

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20
Q

Define moribund.

A

Not active or successful; in a very bad condition

Synonyms include dying, expiring.

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21
Q

What does churlish mean?

A

Rude, unfriendly, and unpleasant

Synonyms include rude, ill-mannered.

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22
Q

What is mettle?

A

Someone’s ability to do something well in difficult circumstances

Synonyms include spirit, tenacity.

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23
Q

What does brevity mean?

A

Using only a few words or lasting only a short time

Synonyms include conciseness, shortness.

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24
Q

What does quintessential refer to?

A

Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class

Synonyms include definitive, exemplary.

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25
Q

What is a chimera?

A

A hope or dream that is very unlikely ever to come true

Synonyms include daydream, delusion.

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26
Q

What does sumptuous mean?

A

Impressive, expensive, and of high quality

Synonyms include lavish, luxurious.

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27
Q

Define austere.

A

Very simple, with only the things that are absolutely necessary

Synonyms include rigid, severe.

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28
Q

What is a hedonist?

A

Someone who believes that pleasure is very important and tries to spend all their time doing enjoyable things

Synonyms include debauchee, sensualist.

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29
Q

What does renegade mean?

A

A person who abandons their previous beliefs and accepts opposing ones

Synonyms include apostate, defector.

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30
Q

What does it mean to arraign someone?

A

To call or bring someone before a court to answer a criminal charge

Synonyms include indict, prosecute.

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31
Q

What does conflate mean?

A

To combine two or more descriptions or ideas into a single one

Synonyms include amalgamate, merge.

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32
Q

What does plausible mean?

A

An explanation or statement that seems likely to be true or valid

Synonyms include credible, believable.

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33
Q

What does it mean to ‘conflate’?

A

To combine or merge multiple elements into one

Synonyms include amalgamate, consolidate, and unify.

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34
Q

What is a ‘plausible’ explanation?

A

An explanation that seems likely to be true or valid

Synonyms include credible, reasonable, and believable.

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35
Q

Define ‘palpable’.

A

So obvious that it can easily be seen or known

Synonyms include perceptible and tangible.

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36
Q

What does ‘quell’ mean?

A

To put an end to a disorder, typically by force

Synonyms include stamp out and finish.

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37
Q

What is ‘parlance’?

A

A group of words or style of speaking used by a particular group

Synonyms include jargon and idiom.

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38
Q

What does ‘sordid’ refer to?

A

Morally ignoble or dirty behavior

Synonyms include filthy and grimy.

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39
Q

Define ‘rogue’.

A

A man who behaves in a dishonest or criminal way

Synonyms include scoundrel and villain.

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40
Q

What does it mean to ‘extrapolate’?

A

To guess or think about what might happen using known information

Synonyms include deduce and infer.

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41
Q

What does ‘flounder’ mean?

A

To experience great difficulties or be unable to decide

Synonyms include struggle and thrash.

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42
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ response shows little enthusiasm.

A

tepid

Tepid can also refer to a slightly warm liquid.

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43
Q

What does ‘cognizant’ mean?

A

Being aware of or understanding something

Synonyms include aware and mindful.

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44
Q

What does it mean to ‘defer’?

A

To delay something until a later time

Synonyms include postpone and hold off.

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45
Q

What does ‘aloft’ refer to?

A

In the air or in a higher position

Synonyms include above and overhead.

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46
Q

What does it mean to ‘flout’ a rule?

A

To intentionally not obey a rule or law

Synonyms include disregard and scorn.

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47
Q

What does ‘topple’ mean?

A

To lose balance and fall down

Synonyms include tumble and trip.

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48
Q

What is a ‘muzzle’?

A

A fastening for the mouth of an animal to prevent biting

Also refers to suppressing independent opinions.

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49
Q

Define ‘depredation’.

A

An act causing damage or destruction

Synonyms include plunder and looting.

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50
Q

What does ‘wrought’ mean?

A

Made or done in a careful or decorative way

Synonyms include created and fashioned.

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51
Q

What does it mean to ‘accrue’?

A

To gradually increase in amount over time

Synonyms include accumulate and amass.

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52
Q

What does it mean to ‘postulate’ something?

A

To suggest it as the basis for a theory or argument

Synonyms include hypothesize and assume.

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53
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ pay rise indicates a significant increase.

A

whopping

Whopping means extremely large.

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54
Q

What is a ‘scourge’?

A

Something or someone that causes great suffering or trouble

Can also refer to the act of causing great suffering.

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55
Q

Define ‘boisterous’.

A

Noisy, lively, and full of energy

Synonyms include clamorous and obstreperous.

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56
Q

What does ‘empirical’ refer to?

A

Reliance on practical experience rather than theories

Synonyms include observed and factual.

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57
Q

What is ‘efficacy’?

A

The ability of something to produce the desired effect

Synonyms include effectiveness and efficiency.

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58
Q

What is an ‘echelon’?

A

A level or rank in an organization or profession

Synonyms include level and rank.

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59
Q

Define ‘edifice’.

A

A large and impressive building

Can also refer to a long-established system.

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60
Q

What does ‘manoeuvre’ mean?

A

An action requiring care or skill

Can also refer to clever or dishonest actions.

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61
Q

What is a ‘homily’?

A

A piece of spoken or written advice about behavior

Synonyms include sermon and lecture.

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62
Q

What does ‘ceiling’ refer to in a financial context?

A

An upper limit, usually relating to money

Example includes a ceiling on pay rises.

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63
Q

What does it mean to ‘succumb’?

A

To lose the ability to fight against someone or something

Synonyms include yield and submit.

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64
Q

What does ‘forgo’ mean?

A

To not have or do something enjoyable

Synonyms include sacrifice and relinquish.

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65
Q

What is a ‘bottleneck’?

A

A place where traffic slows down or a problem that delays progress

Synonyms include jam and logjam.

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66
Q

What does ‘quibble’ mean?

A

To argue about something unimportant

Can also refer to a slight objection.

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67
Q

Define ‘ominous’.

A

Making you think that something bad will happen

Synonyms include threatening and menacing.

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68
Q

What does ‘ominous’ mean?

A

Making you think that something bad will happen

Synonyms include threatening, menacing, baleful, forbidding, sinister, doomy, inauspicious.

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69
Q

What is a ‘bellwether’?

A

One that takes the lead or initiative; an indicator of trends

Example: The performance of the banking sector is a bad bellwether of the economy generally.

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70
Q

Define ‘tacit’.

A

Understood without being expressed directly

Synonyms include implicit, implied, unexpressed, unspoken.

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71
Q

What is a ‘byword’?

A

If someone or something is a byword for a particular quality, they have a strong reputation for that quality

Example: The city is a byword for intolerance.

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72
Q

What does ‘idiosyncrasy’ refer to?

A

A strange or unusual habit or feature that someone or something has

Synonyms include oddity, peculiarity, curiosity.

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73
Q

What is ‘gravitas’?

A

Seriousness and importance of manner, causing feelings of respect and trust

Example: He lacks the statesmanlike gravitas of a world leader.

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74
Q

Define ‘insolence’.

A

Rude and disrespectful behavior

Synonyms include back talk, impertinence, impudence.

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75
Q

What does ‘imprimatur’ mean?

A

Official permission to do something given by a person or group in power

Example: The project can’t go ahead without the imprimatur of the director.

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76
Q

What does it mean to ‘behove’?

A

It is a duty or responsibility for someone to do something

Example: It behoves us to think of these dangers.

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77
Q

Define ‘insurgency’.

A

An occasion when a group attempts to take control of their country by force

Example: He has led a violent armed insurgency for 15 years.

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78
Q

What does ‘ensue’ mean?

A

To happen after something else, especially as a result of it

Example: An angry argument ensued after the accusations.

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79
Q

What is the meaning of ‘whittle’?

A

To reduce something in size, amount, or extent by a gradual series of steps

Example: The shortlist was whittled down to five.

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80
Q

What does ‘bigotry’ refer to?

A

Intolerance towards those who hold different opinions

Example: Overcoming his own bigotry.

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81
Q

What does ‘secede’ mean?

A

To formally become a separate country or stop being a member of a larger group

Example: South Carolina was the first state to secede.

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82
Q

Define ‘impregnable’.

A

Very well protected and difficult to attack

Example: The old fort looks virtually impregnable.

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83
Q

What does ‘rudimentary’ mean?

A

Basic and not detailed or developed

Example: Her knowledge is still only rudimentary.

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84
Q

What is a ‘denizen’?

A

A person, animal, or plant that lives or grows in a particular place

Example: Deer are among the denizens of the forest.

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85
Q

Define ‘pejorative’.

A

Expressing disapproval or suggesting something is not good

Example: ‘Fat’ is a pejorative word.

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86
Q

What is a ‘patron’?

A

Someone who supports the work of writers and artists by giving them money

Example: She is a well-known patron of the arts.

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87
Q

What does ‘cahoots’ mean?

A

Secretly involved with someone in a dishonest activity

Example: The police were in cahoots with the drug dealers.

88
Q

Define ‘fuzzy’.

A

Not clear so that you cannot see all its details

Example: The picture is very fuzzy.

89
Q

What is a ‘plank’ in the context of policy?

A

An important aspect of something, on which it is based

Example: Educational reform was a main plank of their campaign.

90
Q

What does ‘gobble’ mean?

A

To eat something quickly and often noisily

Example: He gobbled up the rest of his sandwich.

91
Q

Define ‘prod’.

A

To push someone or something quickly with your finger or an object

Example: She prodded him in the back with her umbrella.

92
Q

What does it mean to ‘posit’ something?

A

To suggest or assume it as the basis for an argument

Example: Several writers have posited the idea of a universal consciousness.

93
Q

What does ‘inimical’ mean?

A

Causing harm or stopping the development of something

Example: Actions inimical to peace.

94
Q

Define ‘atrophy’.

A

To be reduced in size and strength, or to become weaker

Example: My leg muscles had atrophied after months in a hospital bed.

95
Q

What is a ‘spate’?

A

A large number of things of the same type that suddenly happen in a short period

Example: There has been a spate of burglaries recently.

96
Q

What does ‘resuscitate’ mean?

A

To bring someone who is dying back to life or to bring something back into use

Example: The doctors successfully resuscitated her.

97
Q

Define ‘convalesce’.

A

To rest in order to get better after an illness

Example: You’ll need to convalesce for a week or two after your operation.

98
Q

What does ‘segue’ mean?

A

To change smoothly from one song or subject to another without stopping

Example: Allow one song to segue into the next.

99
Q

What does ‘disenchantment’ refer to?

A

A feeling of disappointment about someone or something previously respected

Example: There’s growing disenchantment with the Government.

100
Q

Define ‘litany’.

A

A long, usually boring, list of things that someone talks or writes about

Example: She had to hear his litany of complaints.

101
Q

What does ‘rampage’ mean?

A

To go through an area making a lot of noise and causing damage

Example: The demonstrators rampaged through the town.

102
Q

What does ‘abash’ mean?

A

To make someone feel embarrassed or ashamed

Example: They tried not to be abashed by the unfamiliar luxury.

103
Q

Define ‘fraught’.

A

Full of unpleasant things such as problems or dangers

Example: The negotiations have been fraught with difficulties.

104
Q

What does ‘unflinching’ mean?

A

Not showing fear or hesitation in the face of danger

Example: Unflinching determination.

105
Q

What does ‘fraught’ mean?

A

Filled with risks or difficulties.

Synonyms include anxious, worried, upset, distraught, overwrought, agitated.

106
Q

Define ‘unflinching’.

A

Not showing fear or hesitation in the face of danger or difficulty.

Synonyms include determined, dogged, persistent, persevering, committed.

107
Q

What does it mean to ‘debunk’ something?

A

To show that something is less important, less good, or less true than it has been made to appear.

Synonyms include refute, contradict, belie, confound, discredit, negate, rebut, shoot.

108
Q

What does ‘earmark’ refer to?

A

To reserve resources for a particular purpose.

Synonyms include allocate, consecrate, dedicate, devote, reserve, save, set by.

109
Q

What is a ‘chasm’?

A

A very deep, narrow opening in rock, ice, or the ground; a large difference between two opinions or groups.

Synonyms include abysm, abyss, deep, gulf, ocean.

110
Q

Define ‘bonhomie’.

A

Friendliness and happiness.

Synonyms include cordiality, affability, amiability, sociability, friendliness, warmth.

111
Q

What does ‘bulge’ mean?

A

A curved shape sticking out from the surface of something; a sudden increase that soon returns to the usual level.

Synonyms include surge, rise, increase, boost, swelling, bump, lump.

112
Q

What is a ‘skirmish’?

A

A short argument or a minor battle.

Synonyms include fight, battle, clash, conflict, encounter, confrontation.

113
Q

What does it mean to ‘fleece’ someone?

A

To take someone’s money dishonestly, by charging too much or by cheating them.

Synonyms include cheat, chisel, chouse, con, cozen, defraud.

114
Q

What is meant by ‘the gift of the gab’?

A

The ability to speak easily and confidently, making people want to listen.

Synonyms include articulacy, eloquence, rhetoric.

115
Q

What does ‘Goliaths’ refer to?

A

A very large and powerful person or organization.

Synonyms include leviathan, mammoth, mastodon, monster, titan, whale, whopper.

116
Q

Fill in the blank: To ‘allow for’ means to _______.

A

[think about or plan for something that will or might happen in the future].

117
Q

What does ‘alight upon’ mean?

A

To find by chance; to suddenly notice or think of something.

Synonyms include bump into, come across, come upon, confront, detect.

118
Q

What does ‘bear out’ mean?

A

To support the truth of something.

Synonyms include confirm, corroborate, substantiate, support, validate, verify, vindicate.

119
Q

What does ‘carry away’ mean?

A

To be so excited about something that you do not control what you say or do.

Synonyms include entrance, rap, rapture, ravish, transport.

120
Q

What does it mean to ‘dispense with’ something?

A

To stop using it or get rid of it completely.

Synonyms include abolish, dispose of, do without, forgo, get rid of, ignore, relinquish.

121
Q

Define ‘augment’.

A

To make something larger, stronger, or more effective by adding something to it.

Synonyms include accelerate, add to, aggrandize, amplify, boost, build up, compound.

122
Q

What does ‘telling’ mean?

A

Showing the truth about a situation or what someone really thinks.

Synonyms include convincing, decisive, effective, forceful, persuasive, satisfying, strong.

123
Q

What does ‘acclaimed’ mean?

A

Attracting public approval and praise.

Synonyms include praise, applause, cheers, ovation, tribute, accolade, acclamation, plaudits.

124
Q

Define ‘flamboyant’.

A

Very confident in behavior, often seeking attention.

Synonyms include confident, lively, buoyant, energetic, vibrant, vivacious, extravagant.

125
Q

What does ‘denigrate’ mean?

A

To criticize someone or something unfairly or insult them.

Synonyms include censure, condemn, criticize severely, abuse, admonish, animadvert.

126
Q

What does ‘slog’ mean?

A

To work hard over a long period, especially on difficult or boring tasks.

Synonyms include hike, tramp, walk, walkabout.

127
Q

Define ‘gumption’.

A

The ability to decide what is best in a situation and to act with energy and determination.

Synonyms include initiative, resourcefulness, enterprise, imagination, ingenuity.

128
Q

What is a ‘plea’?

A

An urgent and emotional request.

Synonyms include appeal, entreaty, supplication, petition, prayer, request, call.

129
Q

Define ‘antecedent’.

A

Something that happened or existed before something else, similar in some way.

Synonyms include ancestor, forefather, forebear, predecessor, progenitor.

130
Q

What does ‘provocation’ refer to?

A

Action or speech that makes someone angry, especially deliberately.

Synonyms include prompting, inducement, encouragement, urging, inspiration, stimulus.

131
Q

What is ‘defamation’?

A

The action of damaging someone’s good reputation; slander.

Synonyms include infringement, calumny, litigation, misrepresentation, slander.

132
Q

Define ‘cohort’.

A

A group of people who share a characteristic.

Synonyms include companion, comrade, disciple, follower, adherent, mate.

133
Q

What is a ‘landmark’?

A

An important stage in something’s development.

Synonyms include marker, memorial, milestone, museum, battleground, benchmark.

134
Q

What does ‘statutory’ mean?

A

Decided or controlled by law.

Synonyms include lawful, legal, judicial, rightful.

135
Q

Define ‘convicted’.

A

Having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court.

Synonyms include condemn, damned, doomed, fated.

136
Q

What is a ‘deterrent’?

A

Something that deters people from doing something.

Synonyms include hindrance, impediment, obstruction, block, barrier, inhibition.

137
Q

What does ‘dubious’ mean?

A

Not considered completely honest, safe, or reliable.

Synonyms include doubtful, uncertain, unsure, in doubt, hesitant, undecided, unsettled.

138
Q

What are ‘credentials’?

A

Documents that state a person’s abilities and qualifications for a job or activity.

Synonyms include capability, goods, qualification, stuff.

139
Q

Define ‘denouement’.

A

The end of a story, where everything is explained, or the end result of a situation.

Synonyms include ending, finish, close, culmination, climax, conclusion.

140
Q

What does ‘a pie in the sky’ refer to?

A

Something hoped for but very unlikely to happen.

Synonyms include illusion, delusion, fantasy, pipe dream, daydream, reverie, mirage.

141
Q

What does ‘lackadaisical’ mean?

A

Lacking enthusiasm and determination; carelessly lazy.

Synonyms include enervated, languid, languishing, languorous, limp, listless, spiritless.

142
Q

Define ‘cynical’.

A

Believing that people care only about themselves and are not sincere or honest.

Synonyms include contemptuous, derisive, ironic, misanthropic, pessimistic.

143
Q

What does ‘patronage’ mean?

A

Support given to an organization by someone.

Synonyms include sponsor, backer, financier, subsidizer, underwriter, guarantor, benefactor.

144
Q

What is the definition of patronage?

A

Support given to an organization by someone

Example: The charity enjoys the patronage of many prominent local business people.

145
Q

What does the term ‘vृति देने का अतधकार’ refer to?

A

The power of a person to give someone an important job or position

Example: Patronage is a potent force if used politically.

146
Q

What is a synonym for patronage?

A
  • sponsor
  • backer
  • financier
  • subsidizer
  • underwriter
  • guarantor
  • benefactor
147
Q

What is a pronouncement?

A

A formal or authoritative announcement or declaration

Example: The treasurer has been taking a more optimistic view of economic recovery in his recent public pronouncements.

148
Q

What does decriminalize mean?

A

To stop something from being illegal

Example: The campaign to decriminalize marijuana.

149
Q

Provide a synonym for decriminalize.

A
  • legitimize
  • allow
  • permit
  • regulate
  • sanction
  • declare lawful
150
Q

What does the verb ‘crunch’ mean?

A

To crush something noisily between your teeth

Example: She sucked an ice cube into her mouth, and crunched it loudly.

151
Q

What is a financial crunch?

A

A situation that is very difficult because you do not have enough of something, especially time or money

Example: A financial crunch that could threaten the company’s future.

152
Q

What does spur mean?

A

To encourage an activity or development or make it happen faster

Example: Rising consumer sales have the effect of spurring the economy to faster growth.

153
Q

What is the meaning of reiteration?

A

Saying something again, usually to emphasize it

Example: At the meeting, there were some reiterations of past promises.

154
Q

What is the definition of agrarian?

A

Relating to the land, especially the use of land for farming

Example: An agrarian place or country makes its money from farming rather than industry.

155
Q

What does succor mean?

A

Help given to someone, especially someone who is suffering or in need

Example: Her organization gave succour and strength to those who had been emotionally damaged.

156
Q

What does overshoot mean?

A

To go past a place that you want to get to by mistake

Example: The plane apparently overshot the runway after landing.

157
Q

What is allocation?

A

The process of giving someone their part of a total amount of something to use in a particular way

Example: The allocation of resources/funds/time.

158
Q

What is the meaning of outlay?

A

An amount of money spent for a particular purpose

Example: The weekly outlay on groceries.

159
Q

What does arresting mean?

A

Very attractive in a way that attracts a lot of attention

Example: An arresting-looking woman.

160
Q

What does it mean to tide over?

A

To help someone to work or operate normally through a difficult period

Example: Can you lend me some money to tide me over till the weekend?

161
Q

What is a dissident?

A

A person who publicly disagrees with and criticizes their government

Example: Union dissidents have challenged the leadership of the current president.

162
Q

What does dissidence refer to?

A

Protest against official policy

Example: Dissidence has been met with steady opposition.

163
Q

What does it mean to retreat?

A

To go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger

Example: When she came towards me shouting, I retreated behind my desk.

164
Q

What does take to mean?

A

To begin or fall into the habit of

Example: Recently he’s taken to wearing a cap.

165
Q

What is the meaning of discontent?

A

Dissatisfaction with one’s circumstances

Example: Public discontent with the government is growing.

166
Q

What is an amenity?

A

Useful or pleasant facilities or services

Example: The hotel has very good amenities.

167
Q

What does austerity mean?

A

Difficult economic conditions created by government measures to reduce public expenditure

Example: People protested in the streets against austerity.

168
Q

What does unprecedented mean?

A

Never done or known before

Example: Unprecedented economic growth.

169
Q

What does unflinching refer to?

A

Not showing fear or hesitation in the face of danger or difficulty

Example: He has shown unflinching determination throughout the campaign.

170
Q

What does herald mean?

A

To be a sign that something is about to happen

Example: The speech heralded a change in policy.

171
Q

What does contemplate mean?

A

To consider doing something in the future

Example: I’m contemplating retirement next year.

172
Q

What is the definition of exemplary?

A

Excellent or done in a way that other people should try to copy

Example: Exemplary behavior.

173
Q

What does categorical mean?

A

Without any doubt or possibility of being changed

Example: A categorical statement/reply.

174
Q

What does unrivalled mean?

A

Better than everyone or everything of the same type

Example: The museum boasts an unrivalled collection of French porcelain.

175
Q

What does gadfly refer to?

A

Someone who deliberately annoys or challenges other people, especially those in authority

Example: Scientists are rather like gadflies in this matter.

176
Q

What is the definition of dissent?

A

A strong difference of opinion on a particular subject, especially about an official suggestion or plan

Example: When the time came to approve the proposal, there were one or two voices of dissent.

177
Q

What does righteous mean?

A

Morally correct

Example: He was regarded as a righteous and holy man.

178
Q

What is certitude?

A

The state of being certain or confident

Example: It is impossible to predict the outcome of the negotiations with any degree of certitude.

179
Q

What does ostensible mean?

A

Appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else

Example: His ostensible purpose was charity, but his real goal was popularity.

180
Q

What are concessions?

A

Something that is allowed or given up, often in order to end a disagreement

Example: Both sides involved in the conflict made some concessions in yesterday’s talks.

181
Q

What does viability mean?

A

Ability to work successfully

Example: Rising costs are threatening the viability of many businesses.

182
Q

What does augment mean?

A

To increase the size or value of something by adding something to it

Example: He augmented his summer income by painting houses.

183
Q

What is a pivot?

A

A fixed point supporting something that turns or balances

Example: The former leader has become the pivot on which the country’s emerging political stability turns.

184
Q

What does envisage mean?

A

To imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good

Example: It’s envisaged that building will start at the end of this year.

185
Q

What does robust mean?

A

(Of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail

Example: He looks robust and healthy enough.

186
Q

What does loath mean?

A

Reluctant; unwilling

Example: I was loath to leave.

187
Q

What does loathe mean?

A

To hate someone or something

Example: I loathe doing housework.

188
Q

What is a vigil?

A

An act of staying awake, especially at night, in order to be with a person who is very ill or dying

Example: His parents kept vigil beside his bed for weeks before he died.

189
Q

What does the term ‘loathe’ mean?

A

To hate, to detest

If you have loathe for something, you become loath.

190
Q

Define ‘vigil’.

A

An act of staying awake, especially at night, to be with a person who is very ill, to protest, or to pray

Example: His parents kept vigil beside his bed for weeks before he died.

191
Q

What are some synonyms for ‘vigil’?

A
  • Observance
  • Patrol
  • Attention
  • Awareness
  • Duty
  • Guard
  • Lookout
  • Monitoring
192
Q

What does ‘wary’ mean?

A

Not completely trusting or certain about something or someone

Example: Dogs which have been mistreated often remain very wary of strangers.

193
Q

List synonyms for ‘wary’.

A
  • Suspicious
  • Cautious
  • Watchful
  • Guarded
  • Circumspect
  • Prudent
  • Vigilant
194
Q

What is the definition of ‘summon’?

A

To officially order someone to come to a place, especially a court of law

Example: He has been summoned to appear in court on charges of incitement.

195
Q

What is a ‘summons’?

A

An order to appear before a judge or magistrate

Example: The insurance company had issued a summons for unpaid mortgage repayments.

196
Q

Define ‘rigorous’.

A

Careful to look at or consider every part of something to ensure it is correct or safe

Example: The rigorous testing of consumer products.

197
Q

What does ‘abduct’ mean?

A

To take someone away from their home or family using force

Example: He was abducted at gunpoint.

198
Q

List synonyms for ‘abduct’.

A
  • Kidnap
  • Shanghai
  • Steal
  • Seize
  • Carry off
199
Q

What does ‘obliterate’ mean?

A

To destroy something completely

Example: Whole villages were obliterated by fire.

200
Q

Define ‘prerogative’.

A

Something that certain people are allowed to do or have, which is not possible for everyone

Example: In some countries, higher education is predominantly the prerogative of the rich.

201
Q

What is the meaning of ‘impunity’?

A

Freedom from punishment or unpleasant results

Example: These gangs operate with apparent impunity.

202
Q

Define ‘condemn’.

A

To criticize something or someone strongly for moral reasons

Example: Politicians have condemned the attacks.

203
Q

What does ‘stricture’ refer to?

A

A restriction on a person or activity

Example: The strictures imposed by the British Board of Film Censors.

204
Q

True or False: ‘Notwithstanding’ means despite the fact or thing mentioned.

A

True

205
Q

What does ‘brazen’ mean?

A

Obvious, without any attempt to be hidden

Example: Brazen cheating.

206
Q

Define ‘exonerate’.

A

To show or state that someone or something is not guilty of something

Example: The evidence completely exonerates the President.

207
Q

What is ‘cognizance’?

A

The process by which you recognize and understand something

Example: The guests took cognizance of the snide remark.

208
Q

What does ‘embolden’ mean?

A

To make someone feel confident enough to behave in a particular way

Example: Emboldened by drink, he walked over to speak to her.

209
Q

Define ‘misdemeanor’.

A

A minor wrongdoing

Example: The player can expect a suspension for his latest misdemeanor.

210
Q

List synonyms for ‘exemplary’.

A
  • Perfect
  • Ideal
  • Model
  • Faultless
  • Flawless
  • Impeccable
211
Q

What does ‘mete out’ mean?

A

To give or order a punishment or make someone receive cruel treatment

Example: Severe penalties were meted out by the court.

212
Q

Define ‘ameliorate’.

A

To make a bad or unpleasant situation better

Example: Foreign aid is badly needed to ameliorate the effects of the drought.

213
Q

What does ‘extract’ mean?

A

To remove or take out something

Example: The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking.

214
Q

Define ‘conundrum’.

A

A difficult problem that seems to have no solution

Example: Arranging childcare over the school holidays can be a real conundrum.

215
Q

What does ‘exotic’ refer to?

A

Interesting or exciting because of being unusual or not familiar

Example: Exotic flowers/food/designs.

216
Q

What is a ‘bulwark’?

A

Something serving as a defense or safeguard

Example: My savings were to be a bulwark against unemployment.

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