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Solar > Chaper Review 1-8 > Flashcards

Chaper Review 1-8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does balance of systems (BOS) refer to in a PV system?

A

Non major components required to complete a PV system

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2
Q

What are concentrating and reflecting solar methods used for

A

Solar cooking

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3
Q

Who was the first to invent and use PV cells as an energy source?

A

Bell Laboratories

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4
Q

What association trains and certifies solar professionals?

A

NABCEP

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5
Q

What percentage of total installed PV power in 2009 was the U.S. responsible for?

A

7%

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6
Q

What does an integrator do in the PV industry?

A

Designs the PV system
Builds and puts together the PV system components
Installs the PV system on the roof

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7
Q

What is an advantage to photovoltaic systems

A

Less cost for remote locations

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8
Q

What type of radiation can a flat plat collector absorb

A

Direct and diffuse

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9
Q

What is a disadvantage to photovoltaic systems

A

Lack of knowledge

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10
Q

What is an example of solar energy technology

A

Solar cooking

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11
Q

What information is found on a sun path chart

A

Solar altitude

Solar azimuth

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12
Q

The solar irradiation received at a place over a particular time is

A

Insolation

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13
Q

What is solar time measured by

A

From solar noon too solar noon

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14
Q

What is the area of sky between the sun paths of summer and winter solstices

A

The solar window

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15
Q

What is earths orbital position when we have equal length days and nights?

A

Equinox

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16
Q

Which angle for an array is affected by the solar altitude

A

Array tilt

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17
Q

Solar radiation can be measured by which instruments?

A

Pyranometer

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18
Q

What is usually the best tilt angle of a PV collector in your area

A

Local latitude

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19
Q

The hours required for a days total solar irradiation to accumulate at peak sun conditions

A

Peak sun hours

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20
Q

What is the generally accepted measurement of peak sun power?

A

1000 W/m2

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21
Q

What are some things a utility might require to connect to their system

A

Interconnection agreements

Interconnection policies

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22
Q

Which on-line tool does NREL provide for estimating the performance of a PV system

A

PV watts

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23
Q

Shading can have what effect on a PV modules energy output?

A

Reduction in output disproportionate to the array area shaded

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24
Q

What codes should you be aware of for your project

A

Building codes: IRC, IBC
NEC
Municipal codes: AHJ

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25
Q

Why should we use energy conservation when designing a PV system

A

It can directly impact the size and cost of the PV system

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26
Q

What should you take into account to make your sun path calculator more accurate

A

Magnetic Declination

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27
Q

Why are major system components located near the main AC panel

A

To avoid voltage drop which causes loss of energy

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28
Q

What are some safety practices required for site surveying

A

Lock out tag out
Fall protection
PPE

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29
Q

What device can measure shading

A

Solar pathfinder

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30
Q

What PPE do you want to have for PV site surveys

A

Non slip composite toe shoes
Eye protection
Class E or G hard hat

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31
Q

What is a battery based completely self contained power source

A

Uninterruptible power supply

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32
Q

What does an inverter do

A

Coverts D.C. Power to A.C. Power

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33
Q

What does a charge controller do

A

Regulates the battery charging voltage level

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34
Q

What adjusts the load on a PV device under changing conditions to keep MPP?

A

Maximum power point tracker

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35
Q

What other electrical energy sources can be added to a hybrid PV systems

A

General
Wind turbine
Fuel cell

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36
Q

Which devices are added to a PV array to create a self regulated PV system

A

Battery

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37
Q

What are mechanical (BOS) parts in a PV system

A

Mounting hardware

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38
Q

Which devices are added to a PV array to create a utility interactive PV system

A

Inverter

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39
Q

What are electrical (BOS) parts in a PV system

A

Conductors
Switchgear
Over current protection devices

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40
Q

What type of PV system are the simplest and least expensive to produce AC

A

Utility interactive

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41
Q

When should you connect modules in series

A

When modules have the same current output

When modules have the same solar irradiance on them

42
Q

What relationship is being measured with a multi-meter on an I-V curve

A

Open circuit voltage to short circuit current

43
Q

The highest efficiency for a module at a given irradiance and temperature is

A

MPP

44
Q

What affect does solar irradiance have on a PV modules meter readings

A

Higher irradiance causes current to go up

45
Q

When should you connect modules in parallel

A

When connecting 2 or more series strings
When connecting modules with different current outputs
When connecting modules that are facing different solar irradiance

46
Q

What effect does temperature have on a PV modules meter readings

A

Higher temperature causes voltage to go down

47
Q

What makes up the PV part of a solar power system

A

Cells
Modules
Arrays

48
Q

What device is placed in parallel with cells to prevent reverse bias flow

A

Bypass diode

49
Q

What are PV cells typically made from

A

Semiconductors such as silicon

50
Q

Using the PIE triangle create the correct formula to find current

A

I = P/E

51
Q

What type of battery is used in most PV systems

A

Traction battery

52
Q

Why do we need ventilation in a battery enclosure

A

To safety vent combustible gasses such as hydrogen

53
Q

Batteries connected in series and parallel for a specific voltage and capacity is a

A

Battery bank

54
Q

The term used for the 80% a deep discharge battery can be discharged before damage

A

Allowable depth of discharge

55
Q

How does discharge rate affect battery capacity

A

Lower discharge rate gives more energy for the charge cycle

Higher discharge rate lowers the energy for that charge cycle to

56
Q

What can you do to lessen stratification

A

Run an equalizing charge cycle to cause gassing mix up battery

57
Q

What units are used to show battery capacity

A

Ampere hours

58
Q

What device should be used to lessen watering in an open vent battery

A

Catalytic recombination cap

59
Q

What term is used to define the percentage of withdrawn energy compared to full

A

Depth of discharge

60
Q

What is autonomy in a battery solar power system

A

How long a system can run on batteries without further charging

61
Q

What are features you can find in a charge controllers functions

A

Over charge/discharge protection

Status information circuit protection

62
Q

Points at which a controller preforming regulation and switching to limit charge or loads

A

Set points

63
Q

What does a charge controllers temperature compensation do

A

Regulates battery charging based upon temperature

64
Q

What advanced feature is incorporated in newer charge controllers

A

Maximum power point tracking

65
Q

What considerations are required when designing a self regulated PV system

A

A well defined consistent load demand

Low voltage modules

66
Q

What considerations should be designed in locating a charge controller

A

Locate close to batteries to minimize voltage drop

67
Q

What reasons would you design a system with multiple charge controllers

A

Multiple battery banks

Multiple arrays

68
Q

What UL listing do charge controllers fall under

A

UL 1741

69
Q

What is a deficit charge

A

When less charge is returned to the batteries than was withdrawn

70
Q

What battery charging modes can charge controllers help regulate

A 
Bulk charge 
Absorption charge 
Float charge (trickle)
71
Q

Many large PV inverters output 3-phase AC for what applications

A

Motors

Commercial projects

72
Q

What types of inverters are available in the PV industry

A

Stand alone
Utility interactive
Bi-modal

73
Q

What features could you find on an inverters interface

A

Interconnection status
AC output D.C. Input energy production
Errors and faults

74
Q

What listing should be on the inverters nameplate in order to connect to the grid

A

UL 1741

75
Q

For interactive inverters what AC voltage output must be maintained

A

For 480v system: 432v to 504v
For 120v system: 180v to 126v
For 240v system: 216v to 252v

76
Q

What inverter wave form is required for connecting AC loads to the utility

A

Sine wave

77
Q

D.C. Input voltage ratings for stand alone systems are based on what

A

The battery bank voltage

78
Q

What are the typical efficiency ratings for interactive inverters

A

90%to95%

79
Q

What sophisticated feature does an AC module have that a charge controller has

A

MPPT

80
Q

Interactive inverters can range in what power ratings

A

700 W to over 500 kW

81
Q

What is system availability when sizing a system

A

% of time over a year the system meets load requirements

82
Q

When selecting a battery bank what determines it’s required capacity

A

The autonomy period during the critical month

83
Q

What is the fine balance required when sizing a stand alone system

A

Supply vs. demand

84
Q

In critical design the ratio of energy demand to insolation is found how often

A

Each month

85
Q

In hybrid system design what is the typical range of solar to engine generators ratios

A

90% PV: 10% generator to 40% PV: 60% generator

86
Q

When selecting an inverter what load should the inverter be rated for

A

Slightly larger than the largest AC load

87
Q

What are the main limitations when sizing and interactive system

A

Space for the array

Customers budget

88
Q

In system sizing what is the simplest type of AC system to size

A

Utility interactive

89
Q

When sizing a bi modal system which loads should you consider

A

Critical loads

90
Q

The percentage of time a load is operating is called its

A

Duty cycle

91
Q

When PV modules are substituted for regular building materials this mounting is called

A

Building integrated

92
Q

Which building mounting systems do we use mostly because of heat issues

A

Rack mount

Stand off mounted

93
Q

What is the advantage of self ballasting mounts

A

No roofing penetration

94
Q

A term for an electrochemical reaction between 2 metals corroding the weaker metal

A

Galvanic corrosion

95
Q

Which tracking system type gains the most solar irradiance regardless of cost

A

2 axis

96
Q

What structural loads do we consider when designing a PV array

A

Gravity loads like dead and live
Environmental loads like wind and snow
Mechanical loads like vibration

97
Q

Why is it important to keep the array cool

A

The array will last longer and operate more efficiently

98
Q

The safest and most practical means to access equipment and wiring is called

A

Accessibility

99
Q

What applications are appropriate for pole mounted systems

A

Ground mounted systems with shading potentials

100
Q

Which materials are best used for mechanical BOS

A

Hot dipped galvanized or coated steel
Stainless steel 316 and 403
Aluminum 6061 and 6063

101
Q

When there are more then 3 current carrying wires in a conduit longer than 24”

A

Further sedate the conductors ampacity

102
Q

When can max inverter current exceed nominal ratings for battery based systems

A

When the highest input current is matched with the lowest inverter operating voltage

Solar (2 decks)

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