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Biology 1308 (Non-Science Majors) > Chaper 2 The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chaper 2 The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Product

A

The result of a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

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3
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Type of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons

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4
Q

How does electronegativity explain whether a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?

A

A polar covalent bond forms between two atoms of different electronegativities (e.g., O and H) because one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the other. In contrast, a nonpolar covalent bond forms between two atoms of nearly equal electronegativities (e.g., C and H) because the electrons are shared equally between the bonded atoms.

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5
Q

Element

A

A pure substances consisting of atoms containing a characteristic number of protons

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6
Q

Neutral (solution)

A

Neither acidic nor basic

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7
Q

How do hydrogen ions relate to the pH scale?

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions determines a solution’s pH. The higher the concentration, the lower the pH.

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8
Q

Electrons

A

A negatively charged particle that orbiters the atom’s nucleus

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9
Q

______ are monomers that form polymers called _______.

A

Nucleotides; nucleic acids

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10
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of water to hydrogen bond to other compounds

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11
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond between adjacent amino acids; results from dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

Matter and Energy

A

All Substances contain matter and energy

All matter can be broken down into pure substances call elements

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13
Q

A hydrogen Ion (H+) has ____ neutron(s), ____ proton(s), and ____ electron(s).

A

0; 1; 0

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14
Q

Buffer

A

Weak acid/base pair that resists changes in pH

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15
Q

Isotope

A

Any of the forms of an element, each having a different number of neutrons in the nucleus

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16
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which atoms share electrons equally

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17
Q

How many valence electrons does a neutral atom of magnesium have?

A

2

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18
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

A long polymer of nucleotides; DNA or RNA

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19
Q

Base

A

A molecule that either releases hydroxide ions into a solution or removes hydrogen ions from it

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20
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

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21
Q

Trace Element

A

An element that an organism requires in small amounts

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22
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Nucleic acid typically consisting of a single strand of nucleotides, each containing the sugar ribose

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23
Q

Solution

A

A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent

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24
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atom’s tendency got attract electrons

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25
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Formation of a covalent bond between two molecules by loss of water

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26
Q

Neurtrons

A

A particle in an atom’s nucleus that is electrically neutral

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27
Q

Reactant

A

A starting material in a chemical reaction

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28
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repelled by water

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29
Q

pH Scale

A

A measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is

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30
Q

Compound

A

A molecule including different elements

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31
Q

Protein

A

A polymer consisting of amino acids and folded into its functional three-dimensional shape

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32
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrate consisting of hundreds of monosaccharides

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33
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

Atom that emits particles or rays as its nucleus disintegrates

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34
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration 1:2:1

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35
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material consisting of a double strand of nucleotides, each containing the sugar deoxyribose

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36
Q

Define solute, solvent, and solution

A

A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent. Solutions consist of one or more solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent.

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37
Q

Bulk Element

A

An element that an organism requires in large amounts

The most abundant are C, H, O, and N

38
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with single bonds between all carbon atoms

39
Q

Nucleus

A

Center part of an atom

40
Q

Denaturation

A

Modification of a protein’s shape so that its function is destroyed

41
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a five-carbon sugar

42
Q

Mass Number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

43
Q

A hydrogen bond is distinct from ionic and covalent bonds in that it

A

is a weak attraction between two molecules.

44
Q

Organic molecules

A

Compound containing both carbon and hydrogen

45
Q

Amino Acid

A

An organic molecule consisting of a center carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carbonyl group, and an R group

46
Q

Evaporation

A

The conversion of a liquid to a vapor

47
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

Intermediate-length carbohydrate consisting of 3 to 100 monosaccharides

48
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Long-chain hydrocarbon terminating with a carboxyl group

49
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

interaction in which bonds break and new nods form

50
Q

Acid

A

A molecule that releases hydrogen ions into a solution

51
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Splitting a molecule by adding water

52
Q

A covalent bond forms when

A

a pair of valence electrons is shared between two atoms

53
Q

Atomic weight

A

The average mass of all atoms of an element

54
Q

Disaccharide

A

A simple sugar that consist of two bonded monosaccharides

55
Q

Protons

A

A particle in an atom’s nucleus carrying a positive charge

56
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are attracted more to one atom’s nucleus that to the other

57
Q

The vitamin biotin contains 10 atoms of carbon, 16 of hydrogen, 3 of oxygen, 2 of nitrogen, and 1 of sulfur. What is its molecular formula?

A

Its formula is C10H16O3N2S.

58
Q

Glycerol

A

A three-carbon alcohol that forms that backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids

59
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Attractive force that holds atoms together

60
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction of water molecules to one another

61
Q

Lipid

A

Hydrophobic organic molecule consisting mostly of carbon and hydrogen

62
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak chemical bond between opposite partial charges on two molecules or within one large molecule

63
Q

You eat a sandwich made of starchy bread, ham, and cheese. What types of chemicals are in it?

A

The bread is mostly starch, although it may also contain some fiber (cellulose) if it is made with whole wheat; both starch and cellulose are polysaccharides. The ham and cheese are composed mainly of protein and fat.

64
Q

Ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons, giving it an electrical charge

65
Q

Orbital

A

Volume of space where a particular electron is likely to be

66
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A sugar that is one five- or six- carbon unit

67
Q

Solute

A

A chemical that dissolves in a solvent, forming a solution, forming a solution

68
Q

Monomer

A

A single unit of a polymeric molecule

69
Q

Draw from memory a diagram showing the interactions among a few water molecules.

A

The diagram should resemble components of figure 2.10. Hydrogen atoms should have partial positive charges that are attracted to the partial negative charges on the oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules.

70
Q

Distinguish between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds are bonds in which both atoms exert approximately equal pull on the shared electrons. In a polar covalent bond, one nucleus exerts a stronger pull on the shared electrons than does the other nucleus. An ionic bond results from the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges.

71
Q

Solvent

A

A chemical in which other substances dissolve, forming a solution

72
Q

Sketch a monosaccharide, an amino acid, a nucleotide, a glycerol molecule, and a fatty acid. Then show how those smaller molecules form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, or fats.

A

Answers will be visual. Consult the following figures to check your work: 2.18, 2.19, 2.23, and 2.25.

73
Q

Alkaline (base)

A

Having a pH greater that 7

74
Q

Periodic Table

A

Chart that lists elements according to their properties

75
Q

Water dissolves salts because it

A

has partial positive and negative charges.

76
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water

77
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms

78
Q

Polypeptide

A

A long polymer of amino acids; it is called a protein once it folds into ins functional shape

79
Q

Wax

A

Lipid consisting of fatty acids connected to alcohol or other molecules

80
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

81
Q

Trans Fat

A

Unsaturated fat with straight fatty acid tails

82
Q

Valence Shell

A

Outermost occupied energy shell of an atom

83
Q

Describe what occurs when a chemical reaction removes a water molecule from two adjacent monomers.

A

In a reaction called dehydration synthesis, an enzyme (which is a type of protein) removes a water molecule from two adjacent monomers. As a result of this reaction, the two monomers become covalently bonded to one another, and the water molecule is released. After many dehydration synthesis reactions, an enzyme can combine many monomers into a polymer.

84
Q

Triglyceride

A

lipid consisting of one glycerol bonded to three fatty acids

85
Q

Steroid

A

Lipid consisting of four interconnected carbon rings

86
Q

Energy Shell

A

Group of electrons orbitals that share the same energy level

87
Q

Matter

A

substance that takes up space and is made of atoms

88
Q

Give an example from everyday life of each of the following properties of water: cohesion, adhesion, ability to dissolve solutes, resistance to temperature change.

A

A water droplet combining with another droplet on a windshield shows cohesion. A splash of water sticks to a wall because of adhesion. Mixing instant coffee into hot water illustrates water’s ability to dissolve solutes. Coastal climates are relatively mild because the ocean is vast and therefore extremely resistant to temperature change.

89
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

90
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule composed of similar subunits ( monomers)

91
Q

Atom

A

A particle of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

92
Q

Can nonpolar molecules such as CH4 participate in hydrogen bonds? Why or why not?

A

Nonpolar molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds because the atoms do not have partial charges.

Biology 1308 (Non-Science Majors) (2 decks)

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