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Biology 1308 (Non-Science Majors) > Chaper 2 The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chaper 2 The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Product

A

The result of a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

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3
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Type of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons

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4
Q

How does electronegativity explain whether a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?

A

A polar covalent bond forms between two atoms of different electronegativities (e.g., O and H) because one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the other. In contrast, a nonpolar covalent bond forms between two atoms of nearly equal electronegativities (e.g., C and H) because the electrons are shared equally between the bonded atoms.

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5
Q

Element

A

A pure substances consisting of atoms containing a characteristic number of protons

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6
Q

Neutral (solution)

A

Neither acidic nor basic

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7
Q

How do hydrogen ions relate to the pH scale?

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions determines a solution’s pH. The higher the concentration, the lower the pH.

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8
Q

Electrons

A

A negatively charged particle that orbiters the atom’s nucleus

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9
Q

______ are monomers that form polymers called _______.

A

Nucleotides; nucleic acids

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10
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of water to hydrogen bond to other compounds

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11
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond between adjacent amino acids; results from dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

Matter and Energy

A

All Substances contain matter and energy

All matter can be broken down into pure substances call elements

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13
Q

A hydrogen Ion (H+) has ____ neutron(s), ____ proton(s), and ____ electron(s).

A

0; 1; 0

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14
Q

Buffer

A

Weak acid/base pair that resists changes in pH

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15
Q

Isotope

A

Any of the forms of an element, each having a different number of neutrons in the nucleus

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16
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which atoms share electrons equally

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17
Q

How many valence electrons does a neutral atom of magnesium have?

A

2

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18
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

A long polymer of nucleotides; DNA or RNA

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19
Q

Base

A

A molecule that either releases hydroxide ions into a solution or removes hydrogen ions from it

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20
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

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21
Q

Trace Element

A

An element that an organism requires in small amounts

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22
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Nucleic acid typically consisting of a single strand of nucleotides, each containing the sugar ribose

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23
Q

Solution

A

A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent

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24
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atom’s tendency got attract electrons

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25
Dehydration Synthesis
Formation of a covalent bond between two molecules by loss of water
26
Neurtrons
A particle in an atom’s nucleus that is electrically neutral
27
Reactant
A starting material in a chemical reaction
28
Hydrophobic
Repelled by water
29
pH Scale
A measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is
30
Compound
A molecule including different elements
31
Protein
A polymer consisting of amino acids and folded into its functional three-dimensional shape
32
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate consisting of hundreds of monosaccharides
33
Radioactive Isotope
Atom that emits particles or rays as its nucleus disintegrates
34
Carbohydrate
Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration 1:2:1
35
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Genetic material consisting of a double strand of nucleotides, each containing the sugar deoxyribose
36
Define solute, solvent, and solution
A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent. Solutions consist of one or more solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent.
37
Bulk Element
An element that an organism requires in large amounts The most abundant are C, H, O, and N
38
Saturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid with single bonds between all carbon atoms
39
Nucleus
Center part of an atom
40
Denaturation
Modification of a protein’s shape so that its function is destroyed
41
Nucleotide
Building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a five-carbon sugar
42
Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus
43
A hydrogen bond is distinct from ionic and covalent bonds in that it
is a weak attraction between two molecules.
44
Organic molecules
Compound containing both carbon and hydrogen
45
Amino Acid
An organic molecule consisting of a center carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carbonyl group, and an R group
46
Evaporation
The conversion of a liquid to a vapor
47
Oligosaccharide
Intermediate-length carbohydrate consisting of 3 to 100 monosaccharides
48
Fatty Acid
Long-chain hydrocarbon terminating with a carboxyl group
49
Chemical Reaction
interaction in which bonds break and new nods form
50
Acid
A molecule that releases hydrogen ions into a solution
51
Hydrolysis
Splitting a molecule by adding water
52
A covalent bond forms when
a pair of valence electrons is shared between two atoms
53
Atomic weight
The average mass of all atoms of an element
54
Disaccharide
A simple sugar that consist of two bonded monosaccharides
55
Protons
A particle in an atom’s nucleus carrying a positive charge
56
Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are attracted more to one atom’s nucleus that to the other
57
The vitamin biotin contains 10 atoms of carbon, 16 of hydrogen, 3 of oxygen, 2 of nitrogen, and 1 of sulfur. What is its molecular formula?
Its formula is C10H16O3N2S.
58
Glycerol
A three-carbon alcohol that forms that backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids
59
Chemical Bond
Attractive force that holds atoms together
60
Cohesion
The attraction of water molecules to one another
61
Lipid
Hydrophobic organic molecule consisting mostly of carbon and hydrogen
62
Hydrogen Bond
Weak chemical bond between opposite partial charges on two molecules or within one large molecule
63
You eat a sandwich made of starchy bread, ham, and cheese. What types of chemicals are in it?
The bread is mostly starch, although it may also contain some fiber (cellulose) if it is made with whole wheat; both starch and cellulose are polysaccharides. The ham and cheese are composed mainly of protein and fat.
64
Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons, giving it an electrical charge
65
Orbital
Volume of space where a particular electron is likely to be
66
Monosaccharide
A sugar that is one five- or six- carbon unit
67
Solute
A chemical that dissolves in a solvent, forming a solution, forming a solution
68
Monomer
A single unit of a polymeric molecule
69
Draw from memory a diagram showing the interactions among a few water molecules.
The diagram should resemble components of figure 2.10. Hydrogen atoms should have partial positive charges that are attracted to the partial negative charges on the oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules.
70
Distinguish between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.
Nonpolar covalent bonds are bonds in which both atoms exert approximately equal pull on the shared electrons. In a polar covalent bond, one nucleus exerts a stronger pull on the shared electrons than does the other nucleus. An ionic bond results from the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges.
71
Solvent
A chemical in which other substances dissolve, forming a solution
72
Sketch a monosaccharide, an amino acid, a nucleotide, a glycerol molecule, and a fatty acid. Then show how those smaller molecules form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, or fats.
Answers will be visual. Consult the following figures to check your work: 2.18, 2.19, 2.23, and 2.25.
73
Alkaline (base)
Having a pH greater that 7
74
Periodic Table
Chart that lists elements according to their properties
75
Water dissolves salts because it
has partial positive and negative charges.
76
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
77
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms
78
Polypeptide
A long polymer of amino acids; it is called a protein once it folds into ins functional shape
79
Wax
Lipid consisting of fatty acids connected to alcohol or other molecules
80
Energy
The ability to do work
81
Trans Fat
Unsaturated fat with straight fatty acid tails
82
Valence Shell
Outermost occupied energy shell of an atom
83
Describe what occurs when a chemical reaction removes a water molecule from two adjacent monomers.
In a reaction called dehydration synthesis, an enzyme (which is a type of protein) removes a water molecule from two adjacent monomers. As a result of this reaction, the two monomers become covalently bonded to one another, and the water molecule is released. After many dehydration synthesis reactions, an enzyme can combine many monomers into a polymer.
84
Triglyceride
lipid consisting of one glycerol bonded to three fatty acids
85
Steroid
Lipid consisting of four interconnected carbon rings
86
Energy Shell
Group of electrons orbitals that share the same energy level
87
Matter
substance that takes up space and is made of atoms
88
Give an example from everyday life of each of the following properties of water: cohesion, adhesion, ability to dissolve solutes, resistance to temperature change.
A water droplet combining with another droplet on a windshield shows cohesion. A splash of water sticks to a wall because of adhesion. Mixing instant coffee into hot water illustrates water’s ability to dissolve solutes. Coastal climates are relatively mild because the ocean is vast and therefore extremely resistant to temperature change.
89
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
90
Polymer
A long molecule composed of similar subunits ( monomers)
91
Atom
A particle of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
92
Can nonpolar molecules such as CH4 participate in hydrogen bonds? Why or why not?
Nonpolar molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds because the atoms do not have partial charges.

Biology 1308 (Non-Science Majors) (2 decks)

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