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Anatomy and Physiology > Chap4: Body Membranes And Skin > Flashcards

Chap4: Body Membranes And Skin Flashcards

0
Q

Epithelial membranes subdivisions?

A
  • cutaneous membrane
  • mucous membrane
  • serous membrane
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1
Q

Characteristics of body membrane

A
  • cover and line body surfaces
  • protect body cavities
  • lubricate body cavities
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2
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Dry membrane

Outermost protective membrane –> skin

Divided into 2 diff regions:

  • superficial epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous ep)
  • underlying dermis (mostly dense conn)
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3
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Line body cavities that open to the outside

Adapted for absorption or secretion (digestive , respiratory, excretory, reproductive tracts)

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4
Q

Serous membrane

A

Line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside + cover these organs

Covered by thin layer of serous fluid (secreted by ep) + used for protection (cushion)

Special names according to location :

  • peritoneum (abdominal cavities)
  • pleura (lungs cavities)
  • pericardium (around the heart)
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5
Q

Connective tissue membrane?

A

Synovial membrane : lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints

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6
Q

Integumentary system definition and constituents

A

Def: helps the body maintain a constant state of balanced internal conditions (homeostasis)

Const: skin, hair, nails, glands ( sweat or oily)

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7
Q

Dermis constituents

A

Blood vessels

Receptors

Glands

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9
Q

Receptors in dermis

A

Types of receptors:

  • thermoreceptors
  • meissners corpuscle (touch)
  • nociceptor (pain)
  • pacinian corpuscle (pressure)

Fct:
Work with other tissues to detect change in environment

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10
Q

Glands in dermis

A

Enable body to maintain homeostasis (remove waste)

Help ensure body’s temperature remains the same

Sweat glands : emit moisture on skin surface + removes waste
Oil glands / Sebaceous glands : secrete lubricating liquid at base of hair follicle (activated during puberty)

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11
Q

Skin function

A

Protection (from ext env)

  • mechanical damage (keratinized cells)
  • chemical damage (melanin’s uv protection+skin secretions)
  • bacterial damage (macrophage of dermis + DNA
  • thermal damage
  • uv radiation
  • desiccation (water loss)

Vitamin D synthesis

Aids in thermal regulation (sweat glands + hair)

Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid

Sensory receptors (nerves that receive msg)

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12
Q

Fct of blood vessels in dermis

A

Provide dermis with blood

Enable the skin to grow and heal itself

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13
Q

Skin structure

A

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous / hypodermis

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14
Q

Epidermis definition

A

Outer thin layer of skin

Stratified squamous epithelium

Often keratinized
Keratin = fibrous protein that protects epidermis + connected by desmosomes
Arise from stratum basale and die along the way to surface

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15
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

Stratum basale
-next to dermis
-cells undergo mitosis
-melanocytes (cells containing melanin)
Melanin= pigment that varies between yellow, brown and black
Amount of melanin produced depends on sun exposure or genes

Stratum spinosum

  • 8 to 10 layers of keratinized cells connected by desmosomes
  • cells phagocytose melanin progressively

Stratum granulosum
3 to 5 layers of cells connected by desmosomes

Stratum lucidum
ONLY IN THICK SKIN ( Palm of hands, feet, tip of fingertips)
2 to 3 layers of clear flat dead keratinocytes
(Cells start to detach and lose desmosomes)

Stratum corneum
Dead cells that protect the skin from water loss and gain

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16
Q

Dermis definition

A

Region of connective tissue –> contain elastin + collagen

Contain sensory nerves

17
Q

Dermis layers

A

Papillary layer (upper)

  • pain receptors
  • capillary loops (from blood vessels)

Reticular layer (lower + bigger)

  • blood vessels
  • glands
  • nerve receptors
18
Q

Hypodermis definition

A

NOT PART OF THE SKIN

Deep to dermis

Anchors skin to underpaying organs

Composed mostly of adipose tissue

19
Q

Normal skin color determinants

A

Melanin

  • yellow, brown, black pigments
  • in deepest layer of epidermis
  • accumulate on keratinocyte nucleus forming shield that protects from uv

Carotene
-orange-yellow pigment from som vegetables

Hemoglobin

  • red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries
  • O2 content determines extent of coloring
20
Q

Appendages of skin

A

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands

Hair

Nail

21
Q

Sebaceous glands

A 
Produce oil :
Sebum 
-slows H2O loss
-lubricant for skin and hair
-kills bacteria

Connected to hair follicle
Activated during puberty

22
Q

Sweat glands

A

Widely distributed in skin

2 types
Eccrine : directly opens to pore on skin surface + abundant in thick skin
Apocrine : opens into hair follicle pore + less numerous than eccrine (secretion: water, salts, proteins, FA)

23
Q

Sweat and its function

A

Composition
Mostly H2O + some metabolic waste (+ FA and proteins in apocrine ONLY)

Function
Helps dissipate excess of heat
Excrete waste products
Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

Odor is from associated bacteria

24
Q

Hair definition

A

Def: flexible strands produced by hair follicle + consist of keratinized cells

Main regions: root -> shaft

Layers of keratinized cells (inner to outer)
Medulla -> cortex -> cuticle

Hair pigments made by melanocytes at root

25
Q

Structure of hair follicle

A

From epidermis to deep in the dermis ( sometimes into hypodermis)

Deep end of hair follicle expanded -> hair bulb
Which is surrounded by sensory nerve endings called : hair follicle receptor / root hair plexus
+ presence of papilla : supply nutrients to cells of hair bulb

Around hair follicle (on walls) : outer connective tissue root sheath -> glossy membrane (basement membrane) -> inner epithelial root sheath

Association with bundle of smooth muscle cells called arrector pili muscle (goose bumps)

26
Q

Nail

A

Def: scale like modification of epidermis -> form clear protective covering

Made up of hard keratin (C sulfur) + lack of pigments

Free edge of nail -> body of nail -> proximal nail fold

27
Q

Skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

  • least malignant
  • most common type of skin cancer
  • arise from stratum basale

Squamous cell carcinoma

  • rapid growth + metastasizes to lymph nodes (ganglion of lymph. syst) if not removed early (early removal -> gd chance of cure)
  • arise from stratum spinosum

Melanoma

  • most dangerous bcs highly metastatic + resistant to chemotherapy
  • cancer of melanocytes
  • metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
  • detection by ABCDE rule
28
Q

ABCDE rule

A 
Asymmetry : 2 sides of mole don't match
Borders : irregular
Color : variated
Diameter : >6mm
Evolving over time

Most dangerous form of melanoma : nodules melanoma has its own classification
Elevated above skin surface
Firm to the touch
Growing

29
Q

Burns

A

Def: tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation or chemicals
-> denature cell proteins + cause cell death

Most immediate threat :

  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalance due to fluid loss

After 24hrs: threat becomes infection to the wound site

30
Q

Classification of burns

A

First degree: damage only to epidermis
Second degree: injure epidermis + upper region of dermis
Third degree: entire thickness of skin

Critical if

  • over 25% of body has 2ndary
  • over 10% of body has 3rd

Rules of nines:

  • way to determine the extend of burns
  • body divided into 11 areas
  • each area approx. 9%
31
Q

Developmental aspects of integumentary system

A

During embryonic formation:

  • ectoderm -> epidermis
  • mesoderm -> dermis + hypodermis

End of 4th month:
-dev of skin well formed

During infancy and childhood:

  • skin thickens
  • more subcutaneous fat is deposited

During adolescence:
-sebaceous glands are activated -> skin + hair becomes oilier

20s and 30s:
-skin reaches optimal appearance

After that skin starts to show the effects of cumulative env exposures

Old age:

  • rate of epidermal cell replacement slows
  • skin thins
  • lose collagen + fibers in dermis -> lose skin elasticity
  • skin more easily damaged (more prone to bruising and injuries)
32
Q

How skin changes at old age

A

Skin more easily damaged

Epidermis thins

Amount of collagen in dermis decreases (peptide chain weakened)

Skin infections are more likely + repair of skin occurs more slowly

Decrease in # of elastic fibers in dermis + loss of far from hypodermis
-> skin sags and wrinkles

Activity of sebaceous gland decreases
-> skin becomes drier
+ decrease in blood supply to dermis
–> poor ability to regulate body temp

Number of functioning melanocytes decreases
BUT in some areas (ex hands and face) melanocyte number increase
-> age spots
(Diff from freckles = increase in melanin production not in melanocyte number)

Decrease in or lack of melanin production
-> white or gray hair

! Skin more exposed to sunlight ages more rapidly (hands or face)

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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