chap3

Question 1

study of toxic compounds and effects of certain compounds

Answer 1

Toxicology

Question 2

Branches of Toxicology

Answer 2

1.Pharmacological toxicology
2. Medical toxicology
3. Industrial toxicology
4. Veterinary toxicology
5. Pesticide toxicology
5. Pesticide toxicology

Question 3

✔ study on the possible effects of “would be drugs”
✔ Interested on the maximum effects of the drugs taken in
✔ Consider the effect of drugs on man (either its minimum or maximum effect)

Answer 3

Pharmacological toxicology

Question 4

✔ mechanism by degraded or activated in the body

✔ The metabolism of the compounds in the body is

✔ usage of chemicals and the
harmful effects, determined by clinical diagnosis and clinical treatment.

Answer 4

Medical toxicology

Question 5

✔ interested on the safety of industrial workers and other people who might be
accidentally exposed to the chemicals.
✔ Its main emphasis is on human and domestic animals.

Example: Minamata disease – a disease caused by mercury poisoning in Japan.

Answer 5

Industrial toxicology

Question 6

✔ considers the foreign substances that may affect domestic animals and substances present on animal products

Answer 6

Veterinary toxicology

Question 7

Study on the effect of toxicants & mechanism (mode) of action of toxicants and the difference in their
inhibitory action and their metabolic fate in various organisms. Toxicologists
consider the tolerance level of pesticides to man by killing target pests without affecting non-target ones

✔ It is interested on the effects of occasional exposure to the toxicants
(contact/dermal, oral or inhalation).

Answer 7

Pesticide toxicology

Question 8

✔ concerned with the effects of toxins, whether purposely applied (such as
pesticides) or derived from industrial processes, on health and environment.
✔ It deals with the minute quantities
of pesticide in the environment
and on how the organisms react
to these.

Answer 8

6. Environmental toxicology

Question 9

Before a toxicant could be marketed

Answer 9

Acute
Chronic
Inhalation data

Question 10

effect, immediately observed

Answer 10

Acute

Question 11

effect, not immediately observed but there is minute quantity of pesticide residues in the body

Answer 11

Chronic

Question 12

residues remain in lungs

deals with the study of a particular group of toxicant in
relation to different groups of organisms (insects).

Answer 12

Inhalation data

Question 13

deals with the study of a particular group of toxicant in
relation to different groups of organisms (insects).

Answer 13

Insecticide toxicology

Question 14

1985, the Asian and Pacific region accounted for _____% of the global pesticide
consumption, with average annual growth of _____%

Answer 14

16% global pesticide
5-7% ave. annual growth

Question 15

Insecticide, regional percentage

Answer 15

75.8 %

Question 16

Herbicide, global percentage

Answer 16

44.2%

Question 17

Rank of Pesticides according to
use (USA)

Answer 17

✔ Insecticides
✔ Herbicides
✔ Fungicides

Question 18

Use of Pesticides in the Philippines is for:

Answer 18

✔ Crop Production
✔ Animal Health
✔ Public Health
✔ Stored product pests
✔ Structural pests etc..

Question 19

pesticides attained its peak of maximum
importation in the Philippines.

Answer 19

1978

Question 20

IPM: core of crop protection policy

Answer 20

1986

Question 21

May 1986

Answer 21

Pres. Corazon C. Aquino,
Philippines adopted IPM as the core of crop protection policy in agriculture.

Question 22

IPM has evolved into

Answer 22

more dynamic, practical and farmer-driven activity.

Question 23

Application of pesticides by farmers is influenced by:

Answer 23

✔ Availability and cost of pesticides
✔ Kind of crops produced
✔ Availability of financing

Question 24

Application of Pesticides in Plantations is influenced by:

Answer 24

✔ Residual tolerance limit
✔ Established by the consumers
✔ Established by mother companies

Question 25

FPA

Answer 25

Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority

Question 26

Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority

Answer 26

✔ Issues rules and regulations governing the importation, manufacture, repacking, distribution, delivery, sale, storage, and use of pesticides. ✔ jurisdiction over all handlers of pesticides ✔ issues registration and license to pesticide handlers ✔ It issue a stop sale, stop use, removal and hold order of pesticides included on the restricted list.

Question 27

FPA- Fertilizer & Pesticide Authority * Issues rules and regulations

Answer 27

governing the : * importation * manufacture * repacking * distribution

Question 28

Symptoms of Poisoning exhibited by ORGANISMS

Answer 28

a) Excitation b) Convulsion c) Paralysis d) Death

Question 29

usually observed before the appearance of the first symptom.

Answer 29

latent period

Question 30

latent period following are usually observed

Answer 30

a) Cleaning movement b) Curling and telescoping movements

Question 31

Exciting period is manifested by:

Answer 31

1) Frantic running or flying movements 2) Restlessness

Question 32

8000 BC

Answer 32

Agriculture begin in Mesopotamia

Question 33

2500 BC

Answer 33

Sumerians use sulfur to control mites and insect

Question 34

1800s

Answer 34

Documenting of pest control methods begins

Question 35

1940s

Answer 35

DDT developed as first synthetic pesticide

Question 36

1950-60s

Answer 36

Green Revolution

Question 37

1962

Answer 37

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

Question 38

1970

Answer 38

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established

Question 39

1996

Answer 39

first GMO crops commercialized

Question 40

development of a new product from discovery to first sales typically takes ___years

Answer 40

8-9 years

Question 41

annual sales on research and development of new crop protection products

Answer 41

major agrochemical companies spend an average of 7.5%

Question 42

Research and Development Process FRAC, 2005

Answer 42

Plant pathogen isolates, 350

Question 43

Research and Development Process IRAC, 2005

Answer 43

insect species, 540

Question 44

Research and Development Process Heap, 2006; HRAC, 2005

Answer 44

weed biotypes, 300

Question 45

resistance management

Answer 45

essential part of crop protection and one of the promising ways of decreasing the risk of its occurrence is the use of novel compounds, ideally with a different mode of action.

Question 46

Important things to consider in order to obtain a qualitative response:

Answer 46

1. Experimental method 2. Number of insects used 3. Dosage

Question 47

Experimental method

Answer 47

* standardized * Test insects, uniform (size, age, sex) * Extrinsic factors, uniform

Question 48

Number of insects used

Answer 48

* choice of number, governed by practical considerations. * Greater accuracy, obtained if larger number/replicate not be over 50 but not less than 15. * Population, homogenous * Randomize, allocation of insects to replicates

Question 49

____ should be in geometric manner.

Answer 49

Dosage