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Biology > Chap.2 Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Chap.2 Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the basic principles of a cell (cell theory)?

A
  1. Basic unit of life is a cell
  2. Cells arise from existing cells
  3. Contain hereditary information that can be passed onto daughter cells
  4. All organisms have at least 1 cell
  5. All metabolic reactions happen within the cell
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2
Q

What are organelles?

A

A specialised structure with a specialised function within the cell

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3
Q

What are the advantages of organelle membranes within cells?

A
  1. Compartmentalise
  2. Isolate harmful substances
  3. Sites for protein synthesis
  4. Sites for pigment storage
  5. Increased surface area for enzyme attachment
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4
Q

What is the unit for cell measurement?

A

micrometres

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5
Q

What are the 11 common structures in eukaryotes?

A
  1. Chloroplasts
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Nucleus
  5. Golgi Body
  6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  7. Centrioles
  8. Cell Wall
  9. Cell Membrane
  10. Lysosome
  11. Vacuole
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6
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Carries genetic information
Sites for transcription
Controls cell activities
rRNA synthesis

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7
Q

How do DNA and chromosomes assist nucleus’s function?

A

DNA provides the template for transcription

Chromosomes direct protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is nucleus surrounded by?

A

Nuclear envelope (double membranes)

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9
Q

How does the nucleus allow exchange of materials?

A

Via nuclear pores for larger substances e.g. mRNA and ribosomes

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10
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

Fluid like region between outer and inner nuclear membranes

Contains chromatin

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11
Q

What does chromatin do?

A

Condenses into chromosomes in cell division

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12
Q

What are cell membranes made of

A

Phospholipids and proteins

Also some cholesterol, glycoproteins, glycolipid

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13
Q

Why is a nucleolus important?

A

Sites of rRNA production

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14
Q

What is special about the mitochondria membranes?

A

Have double membranes

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15
Q

What is the difference between cristae and the matrix?

A

Cristae are the foldings on the inner membranes, matrix is the region inside, compartmentalised
Fluid filled in matrix, solution contains lipids, proteins

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16
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

Sites of aerobic respiration

Releases/Provides ATP

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17
Q

How does the shape/structure of mitochondria help to adapt with their functions?

A

Cylindrical shape so higher SA:V ratio
Shorter distances to centre, more efficient diffusion
Have cristae so increased surface area for enzyme attachment

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18
Q

What is special about chloroplasts’ membranes?

A

Double membranes

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19
Q

What does stroma contain?

A

Fluid filled solution containing products of photosynthesis, e.g. starch grains and lipid droplets

20
Q

Similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

Both have 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

21
Q

Why thylakoids are piling up to a granum, instead of just a single large component? How does this structure adapt to its function?

A

Increased surface area so absorb more light, faster rate, more efficient

22
Q

What is explained by endosymbiotic theory?

A

the origins of chloroplasts and mitochondria, which they might be engulfed by ancient bacteria, but co-living

23
Q

What are cisternae?

A

Fluid filled saps between ER

24
Q

Where is endoplasmic reticulum found? - location

A

Continuous band with nuclear envelope, surrounding the nucleus

25
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

Protein synthesis and transport

26
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

Lipid production and transport (as they don’t have attached ribosomes)

27
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

A

Smooth ER does not have attached ribosomes so do not produce proteins

28
Q

What are the 5 functions of Golgi?

A
  1. Production of secretary enzymes e.g. lysosomes
  2. Lipid storage and transport
  3. Glycoprotein production
  4. Secreting carbs
  5. Package proteins into vesicles for secretions
29
Q

Where do lysosomes come from?

A

Vesicles pinched off from Golgi body

30
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Contains digestive enzymes

31
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Break down larger food molecules and bacteria

32
Q

What is the structure of a centriole?

A

2 microtubules, hollow cylinders

33
Q

What is the use of centrioles?

A

spindling during cell division

*Actually quite unknown

34
Q

What do vacuoles contain?

A

Cell saps with vitamins, carbs dissolved

35
Q

Why is a vacuole important?

A

Provides structural support/strength/turgidity
Tugor
Protection

36
Q

Why a cell wall has to contain cellulose?

A

Cellulose gives high tensile strength

Microfibrils are strong so able to withstand pressure from cytoplasm

37
Q

How does cell wall help substance transport?

A

Fully permeable so substances can pass through

38
Q

What is plasmodesma?

A

Thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell wall of adjacent cell
Allows cell communication

39
Q

State 4 differences between plant and animal cells.

A
  1. No cell wall in animal
  2. No large permanent vacuole in animal
  3. No chloroplast in animal
  4. starch as storage in plants, glycogen in animal
40
Q

What are the 5 structures that all prokaryotes have?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Peptidoglycan cell wall
  3. Circular DNA
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. 70S ribosomes
41
Q

What are the 5 structures that some prokaryotes have?

A
  1. Plasmids
  2. Mesosome
  3. Flagella
  4. Slime coat
  5. Photosynthetic tissues
42
Q

What are the 5 structures that some prokaryotes have?

A
  1. Plasmids
  2. Mesosome (sites of aerobic respiration)
  3. Flagella
  4. Slime coat
  5. Photosynthetic tissues
43
Q

4 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. No mitochondria/ribosome
  3. 70S ribosomes in pro, 80S in eu
  4. Pro are smaller
  5. No nucleus
44
Q

How does cell division differ from prokaryotes to eukaryotes?

A

mitosis and meiosis in eu, binary fission in pro

45
Q

What is the difference between flagellua and fimbriae?

A

Fimbriae are for movements of substances past the cell

Flagella are for cell movements

46
Q

Why viruses are considered acellular

A

As they have no cytoplasm, organelles or chromosomes

47
Q

Structure of a virus

A 
Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) and a protein coat (capsid)
Have 3 parts: tail fibre, mid piece and head

Biology (4 decks)

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