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Bio-105 > Chap.11 Nervous > Flashcards

Chap.11 Nervous Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of the Nervous System

A
  • Receives information from many sources/senses simultaneously
  • Integrates Info by processing, compiling & making sense of this information
  • Extremely fast (receives information, integrated it and produce responses within tenths of a second
  • Initiate specific responses like muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and conscious control over thoughts, emotions, and movement.
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the nervous tissue?

A

Central Nervous System also is known as afferent

Peripheral Nervous System or efferent

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3
Q

What are components of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the function of the CNS

A

Receives, process, stores and transfers information

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5
Q

What are the components of the PNS

A

All parts of the NS outside the CNS

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6
Q

Three major anatomical/functional divisions of the brain

A

Hind-brain, Mid-brain, Fore-brain

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7
Q

The three major parts of the brain stem are the

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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8
Q

The sequence in a typical reflex arc

A

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

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9
Q

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli

A

dendrites

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10
Q

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but canʹt vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak are the

A

Brocaʹs area

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11
Q

Which of the nerves plexuses originates from ventral rami

A

lumbar

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12
Q

Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to the innermost layer

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

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13
Q

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid

A

potassium

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14
Q

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior

A

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

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15
Q

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response during threatening situations is the role of the

A

sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed

A

synaptic cleft

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18
Q

Which of the following is a traumatic brain injury

A

cerebral edema

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19
Q

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

decreases heart rate

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20
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the

A

autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

The function of the olfactory nerve concerns

A

Smell

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22
Q

The ability to respond to a stimulus

A

irritability

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23
Q

The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience

A

repolarization

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24
Q

A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons

A

association neuron

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25
Q

Muscles and glands are

A

effectors

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26
Q

An action potential

A

is essential for nerve impulse propagation

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27
Q

Which one of the following best describes the waxy-appearing material called myelin

A

a mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron

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28
Q

Lobe movements: that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle

A

frontal lobe

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29
Q

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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30
Q

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system

A

has two motor neurons

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31
Q

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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32
Q

The subarachnoid space lies directly between the

A

arachnoid mater and pia mater

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33
Q

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes

A 
fight-or-flight response
–Increases heart rate and respiration
–Raises blood pressure
–Dilates pupils
–Slows digestion and urine production
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34
Q

Which one of the following describes saltatory conduction

A

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

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35
Q

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the

A

cerebellum

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36
Q

White matters refer to myelinated fibers in the

A

CNS

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37
Q

Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are

A

myelinated

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38
Q

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell

A

sodium

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39
Q

The gray matter of the spinal cord

A

surrounds the central canal

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40
Q

Afferent nerves are called __________, and motor nerves are called __________

A

sensory nerves; efferent nerves

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41
Q

Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS

A

Schwann cells

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42
Q

The area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

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43
Q

Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the

A

thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

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44
Q

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential

A

2,1,4,3

sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward, the membrane becomes depolarized, potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell, the membrane becomes repolarized

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45
Q

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the

A

medulla oblongata

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46
Q

Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

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47
Q

Two divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory and motor

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48
Q

What are two subunits of the Motor division

A

Somatic and autonomic divisions

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49
Q

The function of the Sensory division

A

carry/sends info to the CNS (brain & spinal cord)(input)

50
Q

A function of the Motor division

A

carry/moves info away from CNS

51
Q

Somatic division of the motor division

A

Voluntary; controlling skeletal muscle

52
Q

Autonomic division of the motor division

A

Involuntary; controlling smooth, cardiac, and glands

53
Q

Within the autonomic, there are two subdivisions, what are they?

A

Sympathetic (flight or fight)

Parasympathetic ( rest and digest)

Their actions oppose each other; they work antagonistically to accomplish the autonomic or maintenance of homeostasis like breathing, heart rate, etc.

54
Q

What are Neurons (nerve cells)?

A

Excitable communication cells of the NS

Specialized single cells for communication. Neuron’s language through conducting electrical impulses (Action Potential) from one part of the body to another.

They are amitotic (Can’t divide). They also are highly metabolic in that they need an abundant amount of oxygen and glucose supply.

55
Q

What are electrical impulses called

A

Action potentials

56
Q

Three Types of Neurons

A

Sensory, Interneurons, Motor

57
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Found in the PNS that receive a stimulus like pressure or light and transfer info about this stimulus to the CNS in the form of action potentials. (Provide input to the CNS)

58
Q

Interneurons

A

Transfer info between components of CNS. They receive input from sensory neurons, integrate this info and influence function of other neurons.

59
Q

Motor neuron

A

Found in the PNS that carry info away from CNS. They carry NS output in the form of electrical impulses (AP) to all tissues and organs of the body

60
Q

Three parts of the neuron

A

Cell body, Dendrites, Axon

61
Q

Cell Body

A

(soma or perikaryon): Main body, has the nucleus (DNA), surrounded by most of the cytoplasm called perikaryon which contains mitochondria, other cell organelles

62
Q

Dendrites

A

Slender spiky branches/extensions of the cell body receive info from receptors or incoming impulses from other neurons. ***Interneurons & motor have a lot of dendrites that are short & extend many directions from cell boy but the sensory is an exception. It has dendrites that connect directly to the axon.

63
Q

Axon

A

long, nerve fiber, slender extension tube of cell membrane contains a small amount of cytoplasm. Specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the body.

64
Q

Axons of sensory neuron

A

originate from dendrites

65
Q

axons of motor and interneurons neurons

A

originate from point of union w/ cell body called axon hillock

66
Q

Functions of Na+/K+ pump

A

Maintains cell volume

Establishes and maintains resting potential by ongoing active transport of 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ into the cell

67
Q

Resting potential

A

the measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting cell

–70 mV

The concentration of K+ is higher inside the cell and the con of Na+ is higher out. The membrane is more permeable to K+ (+ outside; -inside because of proteins inside the cell which means the cell is polarized

68
Q

Graded potential

A

Transient local changes in the resting potential

–May depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane

69
Q

Summation

A

May reach a “trigger point” or threshold, which initiates an action potential

70
Q

What triggers the opening of the voltage?

A

Initiated when graded potentials reach a certain threshold (triggering point)

71
Q

Depolarization

A

Voltage-sensitive Na+ channels open, Na moves into the axon (this reverses the voltage across the membrane, the interior becomes +)

72
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ moves out of the axon (this restores the initial polarity, actually becomes temporarily hyperpolarized)

73
Q

Reestablishment of the resting potential

A

K+ channels close, the normal activity of the sodium-potassium pump restores resting potential

74
Q

All-or-none

A

–Individual neuron threshold sets extent of stimulus needed
–If threshold is achieved, it triggers
–Once triggered, an action potential is always the same in speed and voltage

75
Q

Self-propagating

A

–Continues to propagate itself in the next region of the axon
–Moves like a wave down the axon, with constant speed and amplitude

76
Q

What protects and protects Neurons?

A

Neuroglial cells

Make up 80% of NSC (do not transmit action potential)

77
Q

Two types of glial cells

A

–Schwann cells

–Oligodendrocytes

78
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form myelin sheath in PNS. These myelin sheaths save the neuron energy and speed up the transmission of impulses, as well as help damaged or severed axons regenerate.

79
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

leaping pattern of action potential conduction

80
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in CNS

81
Q

Disorders with degenerating of the myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

82
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Progressive damage of myelin sheath in brain and spinal. Symptoms include weakness, visual impairments, incontinence.

83
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Progressive damage of myelin sheath in the motor area of spinal. Symptoms include weakness and wasting of skeletal muscle.

84
Q

Targets

A

another neuron, muscle cell, or gland

85
Q

Synapse

A

the special junction between axon terminus and target cell

86
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

–Process of transmission of an impulse from sending (presynaptic neuron) across the synaptic cleft to receiving (postsynaptic) target
–Involves the release and diffusion of chemical neurotransmitter

87
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Depolarize the postsynaptic cell, approaching or exceeding the threshold

88
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell

89
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Involuntary responses mediated primarily by spinal cord and spinal nerves, with little brain involvement

90
Q

Sympathetic division

A

–Prepares the body for emergencies
–Norepinephrine is the key neurotransmitter
–Produces fight-or-flight response

91
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

–Relaxes the body

–Acetylcholine is the key neurotransmitter

92
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation causes

A

lowers heart rate and respiration, increases digestion, permits defecation and urination

93
Q

Hind-Brain

A

coordinates basic, automatic, and movement, vital tasks

94
Q

Mid-brain

A

coordinates muscle groups, movements, and responses to sight and sound

95
Q

Fore-brain

A

receives, integrates sensory input, determines complex behavior (Emotions and conscious thoughts)

96
Q

Bone

A

skull and vertebrae

97
Q

Meninges

A

protective membranes

–Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

98
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

bathes the brain, spinal cord
–Shock absorber
–Produced within the ventricles of the brain

99
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

prevents entry of certain chemicals and pathogens

100
Q

White matter

A

–Outer portion of the spinal cord

–Consists of myelinated ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts

101
Q

Spinal cord

A

a superhighway for action potentials between the brain and the rest of the body

102
Q

Gray matter

A

–Center portion of spinal cord

–Contains cell bodies, dendrites

103
Q

Hindbrain has three major parts

A

–Medulla oblongata
–Cerebellum
–Pons

104
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

–Connects to a spinal cord
–Controls vital automatic functions of internal organs
- The crossing of motor nerves

105
Q

Cardiovascular center

A

regulates heart rate and blood pressure

106
Q

Respiratory center

A

adjusts respiration in response to CO2 and O2 levels

107
Q

Cerebellum

A

–Coordinates basic body movements

–Stores and replicates sequences of skilled movements

108
Q

Pons

A

–Connects higher brain centers and the spinal cord
–Coordinates the flow of information between the cerebellum and higher brain centers
–Aids medulla oblongata in regulating respiration

109
Q

Reticular formation

A

group of neurons that extend through medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
–Works with cerebellum to control skeletal muscle activity related to posture/balance
–Maintains wakefulness

110
Q

The fore-brain has 4 parts

A

Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Limbic system, Cerebrum

111
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Helps regulate homeostasis

112
Q

Thalamus

A

Receiving, processing, and transfer center

113
Q

Limbic system

A

Pathways involved in emotions and memory

114
Q

Cerebrum

A

Language, decision making, conscious thought

115
Q

Structure of the cerebrum

A

–Right forebrain controls left the side of the body
–Left forebrain controls the right side of the body
which are connected by corpus callosum; allow two hemispheres to share information

116
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

gray matter, the outer layer of the cerebrum

117
Q

Functions of the Cerebral cortex

A

memory storage, abstract thought, conscious awareness, conscious control of skeletal muscle

118
Q

The Cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes

A

Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lob, Frontal lobe

119
Q

Occipital lobe

A

processes visual information

120
Q

Temporal lobe

A

interprets auditory information, comprehends spoken the/written language

121
Q

Parietal lob

A

receives and interprets sensory information from the skin

122
Q

Frontal lobe

A

initiates motor activity, responsible for speech, conscious thought

Bio-105 (2 decks)

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