Chap1: Growth Adaptations

Question 1

Define hypertrophy

Answer 1

increase in size of cell

Question 2

define hyperplasia

Answer 2

increase in number of cell

Question 3

MOA for hypertrophy

Answer 3

gene activation
protein synthesis
production of organelles

Question 4

MOA for hyperplasia

Answer 4

production of new cells from stem cells

Question 5

Give an example when hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together

Answer 5

uterus duging pregnancy

Question 6

name 3 permanent cells in the body

Answer 6

cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
nerve

Question 7

do permanent cells undergo hyperplasia or hypertrophy

Answer 7

hypertrophy only

Question 8

what is an example of a pathologic hyperplasia that does increase the risk of cancer

Answer 8

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 9

define atrophy

Answer 9

decrease in stress leads to decrease in organ size and/or decrease in number and/or size

Question 10

in atrophy how does it decrease cell number

Answer 10

apoptosis

Question 11

In atrophy what are 2 processes that decrease size

Answer 11

1. ubiquitin-proteosome degradation

2. autophagy of cellular components

Question 12

what happens in the ubiquitin-proteosome degradation

Answer 12

ubiquitin- tags on intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
proteosomes - destroy them

Question 13

what happens in autophagy of cellular components

Answer 13

generation of autophagic vacuoles

-vacuoles fuse with lysosomes ( hydrolytic enzymes break down cellular components)

Question 14

define metaplasia

Answer 14

change in stress on an organ leads to a change in cell type

Question 15

why does metaplasia occur

Answer 15

metaplastic cells are better able to handle the new stress

Question 16

What is the classic examples of metaplasia

Answer 16

Barrett esophagus

Question 17

what is the epithelium lining of the esophagus

Answer 17

nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium

Question 18

acid reflex from the stomach causes metaplasia of the lower esophagus to turn into what

Answer 18

non-ciliated, mucin-producing columnar cells

Question 19

Metaplasia occurs via _____, which then produce the new cell type

Answer 19

reprogramming of stem cells

Question 20

Metaplasia is ___ in theory, with removal of the driving stressor

Answer 20

reversible

Question 21

Under persistent stress, metaplasia can progress to what

Answer 21

dysplasia and eventually result in cancer

Question 22

what type of metaplasia carries no increased risk of cancer

Answer 22

apocrine metaplasia of breast

Question 23

A deficiency in what vitamin can result in metaplasia

Answer 23

vitamin A

Question 24

Vitamin A is necessary for differentiation of what epithelium cells

Answer 24

columnar epithelium of conjunctiva

Question 25

during vitamin A deficiency what metaplasia occurs

Answer 25

goblet cell/columnar epithelium of conjunctiva into keratinizing squamous epithelium

Question 26

xerophthalmia

Answer 26

dry eye

Question 27

Xerophthalmia leads to the destruction of what

Answer 27

cornea: keratomalacia –> blindness

Question 28

keratomalacia

Answer 28

destruction of cornea

Question 29

what is a classic examples of mesenchymal tissue undergoing metaplasia

Answer 29

myositis ossificans

-tissue within muscle changes to bones during healing after trauma

Question 30

define dysplasia

Answer 30

disordered cellular growth

-proliferation of precancerous cells

Question 31

Give an example of dysplasia

Answer 31

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Question 32

dysplasia is ___, in theory with alleviation of inciting stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progress to carcinoma which is ____

Answer 32

reverisble

irreversible

Question 33

define aplasia

Answer 33

failure of cell production during embryogensis

Question 34

define hypoplasia

Answer 34

decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting in a relatively small organ.

Question 35

name an example of aplasia

Answer 35

unilateral renal agenesis

Question 36

name an example of hypoplasia

Answer 36

streak ovary in Turner syndrome

Question 37

name 5 growth adaptations

Answer 37

1. Hyperplasia/hypertrophy
2. Atrophy
3. Metaplasia
4. Dysplasia
5. Aplasia/hypoplasia