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BIO EXAM 3 INFO > CHAP 9 > Flashcards

CHAP 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe mRNA

A

Reads 5’–>3’

Triplet code

continuous and non-overlapping

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2
Q

Describe rRNA

A

The most abundant in cells (80%)

Some have structural roles

Others have enzymatic roles (ribozyme)

Make up over 50% of ribosome

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3
Q

Where are rRNAs transcribed and assembled?

A

Into the ribosome in the nucleolus

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4
Q

Larger precursor rRNA is transcribed and processed into where?

A

the smaller RNAs

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5
Q

Describe tRNA

A

ALL have a 5’-CCA-3’ at their 3’ end which is the amino acid binding site

each tRNA carries an amino acid that corresponds to its anti-codon

Genetic code

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6
Q

How do tRNAs translate the language?

A

By codon-anti-codon binding

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7
Q

What is the structure of codon-ani-codon binding?

A

Anti-parallel binding

Ati-codons writen 3’–>5’

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8
Q

How are tRNAs charged?

A

By aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

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9
Q

What does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have?

A

Two proofreading steps to minimize error rate (PP and AMP)

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10
Q

True or false: tRNAs bind to more than one codon

A

True

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11
Q

Code degeneracy is due to what?

A

tRNA wobble

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12
Q

What are the factors of translation?

A

Ribosome needs to locate translation start

First tRNA needs to be brought to the start site

Ribosome needs to assemble

Aided by initiation factors

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13
Q

Describe initiation in bacteria

A

Translation occurs at the same time as transcription

There are three initiation factors

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

First amino acid is N-formyl-methionine

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14
Q

Describe the three initiation factors in bacterial initiation

A

IF-1: blocks tRNA from A site

IF-2 brings in amino acid

IF-3: prevents binding

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15
Q

Describe the Shine-Dalgarno sequence

A

Is the ribosome binding site in the 5’-URT of mRNA

16s rRNA is bound to it

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16
Q

Describe initiation in eukaryotes

A

Translation only occurs after mRNA processing and transport to the cytoplasm

7 initiation factors

First amino acid is methionine on a specialized initiation tRNA

5’ cap is essential

IF’s at CAP bind to PABPs to circularize the mRNA

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17
Q

Describe termination

A

No tRNAs bind to stop codons

Two release factors (RF) bind to stop codons

Hydrolysis results in removal of peptide chain

18
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

19
Q

What are mutations that can affect termination?

A

Nonsense mutaton

Nonsense suppressor mutation in tRNA gene

20
Q

What happens after translation?

A

Folding

Sorting

Modification

21
Q

What is the larger and smaller portion of the eukaryotic ribosome? What is the total size?

A

LP: 60S

SP: 40S

Total: 80S

22
Q

How many alpha and beta chains does hemoglobin have?

A

2 alpha chains

2 beta chains

23
Q

What direction is the primary structure read in?

A

N-C

24
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

25
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

26
Q

How many amino acids are made from the codons?

A

20

27
Q

What does APE stand for?

A

Aminoacyl site
Peptidyl site
Exit site

This is the order the stand goes through as the ribosome travels along its length

28
Q

In wobble pairing, what can G and U bind to?

A

G: C or U

U: A or G

29
Q

What can I (inosine) bind to?

A

A, C, or U

30
Q

What can be used to detect DNA in vitro?

A

Southern bolt (probe DNA or RNA frags.)
PCR (probe DNA primers)

31
Q

What can be used to detect DNA in vivo?

A

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Probe DNA primers

32
Q

What can detect RNA in vitro?

A

Northern bolt (Probe DNA/RNA frags.)
Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) (Probe DNA primer)

33
Q

What can be used to detect RNA in vivo?

A

In situ hybridization (Probe DNA/RNA frags.)

34
Q

What can be used to detect proteins in vitro?

A

Western bolt (Probe anti-body)

35
Q

What can be used to detect proteins in vivo?

A

Immunofluorescence (Probe anti-body)

36
Q

What is Northern bolt?

A

Purified RNA fragments from a biological sample (such as blood or tissue) are separated by using an electric current to move them through a sieve-like gel or matrix, which allows smaller fragments to move faster than larger fragments.

The RNA fragments are transferred out of the gel or matrix onto a solid membrane, which is then exposed to a DNA probe labeled with a radioactive, fluorescent or chemical tag.

The tag allows any RNA fragments containing complementary sequences with the DNA probe sequence to be visualized within the Northern blot

37
Q

What is Southern bolt?

A

Purified DNA from a biological sample (such as blood or tissue) is digested with a restriction enzyme(s)

The resulting DNA fragments are separated by using an electric current to move them through a sieve-like gel or matrix, which allows smaller fragments move faster than larger fragments.

The DNA fragments are transferred out of the gel or matrix onto a solid membrane, which is then exposed to a DNA/RNA probe labeled with a radioactive, fluorescent or chemical tag.

The tag allows any DNA fragments containing complementary sequences with the DNA probe sequence to be visualized within the Southern blot.

38
Q

What is Western bolt?

A

The method involves using gel electrophoresis to separate the sample’s proteins.

The separated proteins are transferred out of the gel to the surface of a membrane.

The membrane is exposed to an antibody specific to the target protein.

Binding of the antibody is detected using a radioactive or chemical tag.

A western blot is sometimes used to diagnose disease.

39
Q

Describe Elongation

A

EF-Tu brings in charged amino acids

Peptide is added to the aa in the A site

EF-G pushes the ribosome along the mRNA one codon (3nts)

NRG for both peptide bond formation and ribosome movement comes from GTP hydrolysis

40
Q

Describe proteins that are co-translationally sorted

A

Destinated for the membrane, secretion of lysosomes

signal peptide (or sequence) is short stretch of hydrophobic amino acids very near the N-terminus

Signal is removed after translation

BIO EXAM 3 INFO (3 decks)

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