Chap. 8 Flashcards
Ketone Bodies
The three molecules acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Negative Energy Balance
When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended.
Glucogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
Ketosis
A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself.
Exercise metabolism
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.
Substrates
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.
Glucose
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.
Glycogen
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
Ventilatory Threshold 1
The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.
Ventilatory Threshold 2
The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.
Triglyceride
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.
Free fatty acids
The byproducts of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate.
Essential amino acids
Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.
