chap 7

Question 1

The study of ________ in psychology is crucial to a full understanding of
behavior. In order to come to a complete appraisal on one’s behavior, we have to figure out WHY he acts as he does.
Why is he behaving in this way? A
satisfactory answer to this question will
reveal a lot about this person.

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

characteristics of motivation

Answer 2

instigated
directional
selective
homeostatic

Question 3

Something sets off a behavioral sequence.
The instigator can either a deficit within the organism or some external object that triggers the behavior. To
understand a motive better, it is important to know the conditions that arouse it. § This does not imply, however, that the person is always aware of these arousal conditions and the motivation affected by it. Motives can be at work on a
subconscious level.

Answer 3

motivated behaviour is instigated

Question 4

Once a motivated behavioral sequence has
been set off, the behavior carries a person
toward o away from something. It moves
toward what may satisfy the person, or
away from what is undesirable. It can be
said that motivated behavior leads to a
goal, i.e. it is always goal-directed.

Answer 4

motivated behavior is directional

Question 5

A motivated individual is sensitive to
those parts of the world that have a
relevance to his needs. Depending on
the intensity of the need condition, he
becomes more sensitive to whatever may
be instrumental to satisfy this need, and
less sensitive to whatever does not meet
this need.
§ This aspect of motivated behavior
implies that such a behavior is adaptive
and flexible. It is in function of the
problem to be solved.

Answer 5

motivated behavior is selective

Question 6

Originally, homeostasis was thought of as the
process of maintaining an internal physiological equilibrium. Certain mechanisms are built into the
body that tends to preserve a constant equilibrium. Ex. if the normal body temperature becomes
elevated, perspiration automatically occurs to lower
the temperature to normal; if the body temperature
is lowered, vasoconstriction in certain parts of the
body occurs, and the blood is redistributed, tending
to raise the temperature.
§ A similar phenomenon is observed in
motivated behavior: as long as the need is not
satisfied, the tension created by the need situation
will continue to energize the person. But once the
goal has been reached the behavior changes. The
restlessness ceases, at least for a while, and the
organism gives behavioral signs of satisfaction. It
can be said that motivated behavior is to a certain
degree homeostatic in nature.

Answer 6

motivated behavior is homeostatic

Question 7

is the behavior triggered by a
frustration

Answer 7

frustration-instigated behavior

Question 8

It is a process by which activities are started,
directed, and continued.

Answer 8

motivation

Question 9

two kinds of motivation

Answer 9

extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation

Question 10

The action itself is rewarding
– The action itself motivates the person

Answer 10

Intrinsic motivation

Question 11

Action leads to outcome separate from
or external to the person

Answer 11

Extrinsic motivation

Question 12

Approaches to Motivation

Answer 12

1. Instinct approaches
   2.Drive-reduction approaches
   3.Arousal approaches
2. Incentive approaches
   5.Humanistic approaches

Question 13

–Biologically determined and innate
patterns of behavior
– Exist in both people and animals

Answer 13

instincs

Question 14

Assumes people are governed by
instincts similar to those of animals

Answer 14

instinct approach

Question 15

A NEED is a requirement for some
material that is important for survival

Answer 15

Drive-Reduction Approaches

Question 16

Tendency for body to maintain a steady state

Answer 16

Homeostasis

Question 17

Assumption: behavior arises from
physiological needs

Answer 17

Drive Reduction Theory

Question 18

2 kinds of drives

Answer 18

Primary drives
Acquired (secondary) drives

Question 19

Drives involving needs of the
body

Answer 19

primary drives

Question 20

Drives learned
through experience or conditioning

Answer 20

Acquired (secondary) drives

Question 21

McClelland proposed 3 psychological needs

Answer 21

Need for achievement (nAch)
Need for affiliation (nAff)
Need for power (nPow)

Question 22

Involves a strong desire to succeed
in attaining goals

Answer 22

Need for achievement (nAch)

Question 23

Need for friendly social interactions

Answer 23

Need for affiliation (nAff)

Question 24

Need to have control or influence over
others

Answer 24

Need for power (nPow)

Question 25

Appears to be unlearned
– Causes an increase in stimulation

Answer 25

Stimulus motive

Question 26

People have an optimal (best or ideal) level of
tension

Answer 26

Arousal theory

Question 27

Performance is related to arousal
– Moderate levels of arousal lead to
better performance

Answer 27

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 28

Behavior is explained as a response to
an external stimulus and its rewarding
properties

Answer 28

Incentive Approaches

Question 29

In order to predict actions, we need to
know the individual’s beliefs about
their abilities and values associated
with the actions

Answer 29

Expectancy-value theories
Tolman and others

Question 30

Deficiency Needs

Answer 30

Physiological needs: relate to your body,
e.g., hunger, thirsty sex, sleep, free of
pain
Safety needs: physical and psychological
safety
Love and belonging needs: need to give and
receive love, a sense of belonging
Esteem needs: a sense of worth, respect
from others and self-respect; reputation;
social status

Question 31

Times where self-actualization is
temporarily achieved

Answer 31

Peak experiences

Question 32

Point that is seldom reached
– Individual has sufficiently satisfied lower
needs
– Achieved full human potential

Answer 32

Self-actualization

Question 33

Believed that more than one need
could be active at a time
– Progression up and down the
hierarchy is common
– One need assumes greater
importance at a particular time than
other needs

Answer 33

Alderfer

Question 34

In control of one’s own behavior
and goals

Answer 34

autonomy

Question 35

Able to master challenging tasks of
one’s life

Answer 35

Competence

Question 36

Sense of belonging, intimacy,
and security in relationships with others

Answer 36

Relatedness

Question 37

Three inborn universal needs to
gain a complete sense of self

Answer 37

autonomy
competence
relatedness

Question 38

is the behavior triggered by a
frustration

Answer 38

frustration-instigated behavior

Question 39

MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR

Answer 39

goal-directed
adaptive
pro-active

Question 40

frustration-instigated behavior

Answer 40

Frustration fixates behavior
rigid
re-active

Question 41

Humans have some of these motives in
common with animals, even when
great discrepancies in behavioral
expressions can be observed

Answer 41

human motivation

Question 42

In human
motivation, three levels of motives can
be recognized:

Answer 42

the biological motives,
- the psychological motives,
- the existential motives

Question 43

Among these
biological drives are:

Answer 43

Hunger
§ Thirst
§ Need for oxygen
§ Need of constant body temperature

Question 44

These drives are directed
towards a state of physiological well being,
towards the preservation and development
of biological life

Answer 44

biological motives

Question 45

A person experiences a need for others

Answer 45

affiliation need

Question 46

a person wants
to be fully himself in his unique, irreplaceable identify among the others.

Answer 46

Need to be Someone

Question 47

2 types of psychosocial motives

Answer 47

affiliation need
need to be someone

Question 48

even though it is
biologically conditioned, belongs therefore
more to the group of the psychosocial
needs because it occupies a central
position in the realm of interpersonal
relationships

Answer 48

human sexuality

Question 49

The need for this existential integration can be
expressed and find an answer in many different ways

Answer 49

meditation
philosophy
religion

Question 50

A man is a being who asks questions about his own
existence
A man is a being who asks questions about his own
existence

Answer 50

existential motives