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Kinesiology > Chap 5: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chap 5: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a muscle origin?

A

where the mm starts
more stable bone which the mm moves towards

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2
Q

what’s the muscles insertion?

A

the more moveable bone which the mm is connected to

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3
Q

what is normal resting length?

A

the length of the mm when not in use
the length of the muscle when it is not shortened or lengthened - that is, when there are no forces or stresses placed upon it

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4
Q

what is irritability/excitability?

A

ability to respond to a stimulus
the ability to respond to a stimulus

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5
Q

what is contractility?

A

the mm ability to contract and generate force when it receives adequate stimulation

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6
Q

what is extensibility?

A

the mm ability to extend
the mm ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied

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7
Q

what is elasticity?

A

the mm ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed

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8
Q

what is passive tension

A

Stretching a muscle builds up passive tension, much like stretching a rubber band, and involves the noncontractile units of a muscle

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9
Q

what is active tension

A

Active tension comes from the contractile units and the force generated can be compared with releasing one end of a stretched rubber band.

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10
Q

what is tone?

A

Tone is the slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting.
Tone is a state of readiness that allows the muscle to act more easily and quickly when needed.

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11
Q

what is excursion?

A

general ability of a muscle to shorten to ½ of resting length and stretch to approximately twice as far as can be shortened
The excursion of a muscle is that distance from maximum lengthening to maximum shortening.

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12
Q

what is Active insufficiency?

A

occurs when a muscle cannot actively shorten any farther
The muscle runs out of contractile power before full joint ROM is reached
Occurs when 2-joint muscles attempt to perform full ROM at both joints

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13
Q

what is passive insufficiency?

A

occurs when a muscle cannot stretch/lengthen any farther without damage
The muscle runs out of available length before full joint ROM is reached; occurs in 2-joint muscles in general

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14
Q

what is Adaptive Lengthening

A

Poor posture can often result in a muscle being in a chronically overstretched (lengthened) state where it adopts an abnormally long resting length.
Stretching a muscle to increase it’s length

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15
Q

what is adaptive shortening

A

in situations when a muscle is left in a shortened position for a prolonged period of time without moving through its full excursion, it undergoes adaptive shortening in which the resting length and amount of extensibility decrease.

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16
Q

what is tenodesis?

A

A person who is quadriplegic and has no voluntary ability to open and close the fingers can use this principle to grasp and release light objects. By supinating the forearm, the weight of the hand and gravity causes the wrist to fall into hyperextension. This closes the fingers, creating a slight grasp. Pronating the forearm causes the wrist to fall into flexion, thus opening the fingers and releasing an object.

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17
Q

what is isometric muscle contraction

A

When a mm contract producing force without changing the force of the muscle

An isometric contraction occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of a muscle

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18
Q

what is isotonic muscle contraction

A

Contractions that involve shortening of the muscle

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19
Q

what is a concentric contraction

A

A concentric contraction occurs when there is joint movement, the muscles shorten, and the muscle attachments (origin and insertion ) move toward each other. It is sometimes referred to as a shortening contraction.

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20
Q

what is an eccentric contraction

A

An eccentric contraction occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen; that is, the muscle attachments separate

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21
Q

what is acceleration and deceleration

A

the speed inwhich the muscle moves

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22
Q

what is force of gravity

A

this is when you allow gravity to help or resist muscle movement

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23
Q

what is gravity-elminated with mm contraction

A

this is where a pully type device or gravity-eliminated position like side-lying with the arm supported, to aid in movement when the pt is unable to make the movement themselves.

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24
Q

roles of muscles: agonist

A

muscle or muscle group that causes the motion
also called the prime mover

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25
Q

roles of muscles: antagonist

A

potenially oppeses the prime mover
In the case of elbow flexion, the antagonist is the triceps muscle.

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26
Q

role of muscles: co-contraction

A

When the antagonist contracts at the same time as the agonist

27
Q

role of muscles: stabilizer

A

A stabilizer is a muscle or muscle group that supports, or makes firm, a part allowing the agonist to work more efficiently.
For example, when you do a push-up, the agonists are the elbow extensor muscles. The abdominal muscles (trunk flexor muscles) act as stabilizers to keep the trunk straight, whereas the arms move the trunk up and down.
also called a fixator.

28
Q

role of muscles: neutralizer

A

contracts to prevent the unwanted motion

29
Q

roles of mucles: synergist

A

A synergist is a nonspecific term describing a muscle that works with one or more other muscles to enhance a particular motion.

30
Q

what is (line) angle of pull

A

the path which the muscles traves, it’s insertion and origin, joints is crosses, etc.

31
Q

Kinetic chains: open kinetic chain

A

distal limb segment is fixed while proximal segment moves; static lunges, push-ups, squats, pull ups
If you were to remain seated and extend your knee, your hip and ankle joint would not move. This is an open kinetic chain activity.

32
Q

Kinetic chains: close kinetic chain

A

distal limb segment is not fixed; free to move
i.e., biceps curls, knee extensions, walking lungesdistal limb segment is fixed while proximal segment moves; static lunges, push-ups, squats, pull ups

33
Q

Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment.
What is another name to describe the distal attachment?

A

Insertion

34
Q

Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment.
What is another name for the proximal attachment?

A

origin

35
Q

What is the term that describes a muscle contraction in which the proximal end moves toward the distal end?

A

Reversal of muscle action

36
Q

The flexor carpi radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation.
In what wrist action do the two muscles act as agonists?

A

Agonists in wrist flexion

37
Q

The flexor carpi radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation.
In what wrist action do they act as antagonists?

A

Antagonists in ulnar/radial deviation

38
Q

The following chart identifies the hip motions of three muscles. Hip extension is the desired motion.
Gluteus Maximus: Extension & Lateral Rotation
Hamstrings: Extension
Gluteus minimus: Medial Rotation
Which of these muscles are acting as agonists in hip extension?

A

Gluteus maximus and hamstrings

39
Q

The following chart identifies the hip motions of three muscles. Hip extension is the desired motion.
Gluteus Maximus: Extension & Lateral Rotation
Hamstrings: Extension
Gluteus minimus: Medial Rotation
What motion must be neutralized so the agonists can do only hip extension?

A

Hip lateral rotation

40
Q

The following chart identifies the hip motions of three muscles. Hip extension is the desired motion.
Gluteus Maximus: Extension & Lateral Rotation
Hamstrings: Extension
Gluteus minimus: Medial Rotation
What muscle must act as a neutralizer to rule out the undesired motion?

A

Gluteus minimus

41
Q

What is the term for the situation in which a muscle contracts until it can contract no farther, even though more joint range of motion is possible?

A

Active insufficiency

42
Q

Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?

A

Eccentric

43
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What is the joint motion at the shoulder?

A

Shoulder abduction

44
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
Is an isometric, concentric, or eccentric muscle contraction occurring at the shoulder?

A

Concentric

45
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What muscle group is contracting at the shoulder?

A

Shoulder abductors

46
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What type of muscle contraction is occurring at the elbow?

A

Isometric

47
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What muscle group is contracting at the elbow?

A

Elbow extensors

48
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What is the joint motion at the shoulder?

A

Shoulder flexion

49
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
Is an isometric, concentric, or eccentric muscle contraction occurring at the shoulder?

A

Concentric

50
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What muscle group is contracting at the shoulder?

A

Shoulder flexors during first 90 degrees

51
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What type of muscle contraction is occurring at the elbow?

A

Eccentric

52
Q

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it.
What muscle group is contracting at the elbow?

A

Shoulder extensors during second 90 degrees

53
Q

Identify the following in terms of open- or closed-kinetic chain activities:
Wheelchair push-ups

A

Wheelchair push-ups: closed-chain activity

54
Q

Identify the following in terms of open- or closed-kinetic chain activities:

Exercises with weight cuffs

A

Exercises with weight cuffs: open-chain activity

55
Q

Identify the following in terms of open- or closed-kinetic chain activities:

Overhead wall pulleys

A

Overhead wall pulleys: open-chain activity

56
Q

What position would a person have to be in to perform shoulder abduction and adduction in a gravity-eliminated position?

A

Supine (or prone) lying

57
Q

For a muscle to have an effective angle of pull to be a shoulder flexor and not a shoulder abductor, it would have to span the shoulder on what surface?

A

Anterior surface

58
Q

The rectus femoris flexes the hip and extends the knee. The vastus medialis extends only the knee. In what position must the hip and knee be placed to be able to stretch only the vastus medialis?

A

The hip must be flexed to place the rectus femoris on slack, and the knee is flexed.

59
Q

If you wanted a muscle to lift a very strong load, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

A

Oblique

60
Q

If you wanted a muscle to contract through a very great range, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

A

Parallel

61
Q

In terms of muscle tissue characteristics:
What can a muscle do that a rubber band cannot?

A

Contract

62
Q

In terms of muscle tissue characteristics:
What characteristic does a rubber band have that chewing gum does not?

A

Elasticity

63
Q

Please perform an analysis of what is happening to the length of the rectus femoris muscle at both the hip and the knee when an individual moves from a seated position to a standing position.

A

The rectus femoris is lengthening over the anterior aspect of the hip and contracting (shortening) over the anterior aspect of the knee.

Kinesiology (2 decks)

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