Chap 5: Civil Rights

Question 1

Civil Rights

Answer 1

guarantees of equal opportunity and protection through obligations imposed on government to protect individuals

Question 2

Social Movements

Answer 2

sustained campaigns brought by and on behalf of disadvantaged populations in support of a political or social goal

Question 3

collective action

Answer 3

process of a group of people organizing and acting based on a shared goal

Question 4

equal protection clause

Answer 4

provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens “the equal protection of the laws.” This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups

Question 5

burden of proof

Answer 5

responsibility of an individual, organization, or government to provide sufficient evidence in support of a claim in court

Question 6

2 important distinctions between civil rights/liberties

Answer 6

the way they are established
the way they are protected
*civil liberties are basic personal freedoms outlined in the constitution/civil rights are ever evolving and changing
*civil liberties require a limitation on gov’t power/civil rights require an expansion of gov’t power to secure certian freedoms

Question 7

inside strategy

Answer 7

strategy used by social movements to achive protection for a civil right by working withing the political system - securing presedential executive order, passing legislation, winning a court case

Question 8

outside strategy

Answer 8

strategy used by social movements when political intervention is impossible
organizing to transform public opinion - sit-ins, protests

Question 9

discrimination

Answer 9

the use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion

Question 10

13th ammendment

Answer 10

abolished slavery (1865)

Question 11

14th ammendment

Answer 11

guaranteed equal protection and due process (1868)

Question 12

15th ammendment

Answer 12

guaranteed voting rights for African American men (1870)

Question 13

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 13

laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans

Question 14

separate but equal

Answer 14

doctrine that established that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be considered equal

Question 15

Brown v Board of Ed

Answer 15

1954 Supreme Court decision that struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine as fundamentally unequal; this case eliminated state power to use race as a criterion of discrimination in law and provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions
*focused exclusively on public education/other areas of life were still segregated

Question 16

strict scrutiny

Answer 16

test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional

Question 17

de jure

Answer 17

literally, “by law”; refers to legally enforced practices

Question 18

de facto

Answer 18

literally, “by fact”; refers to practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement

Question 19

Civil RIghts Act of 1964

Answer 19

landmark legislation that ended segregation in public spaces and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, sex, and national origin

Question 20

the long civil rights movement

Answer 20

black people’s journey from being taken and enslaved to achieving political and legal equality in the 20th century

Question 21

dred scott v sandford

Answer 21

enslaved person who sued for his freedom when transported by owner to Illinois and Wisconsin (which outlawed slavery). Supreme court ruled against him because he was property and not a US citizen so laws did not apply to him (1857)

Question 22

Reconstruction Ammendments

Answer 22

Ammendments 13-15

Question 23

Plessy v Ferguson

Answer 23

1896
Supreme Court approves Jim Crow Laws
Court upholds Louisiana law enforcing racial segregation in public spaces
Homer Plessy (1/8 black) sits in “whites-only” train car and found guilty of violating law
creat
established doctring separate-but-equal

Question 24

NAACP

Answer 24

national association for the advancement of colored people (1909)
W.E.B Du Bois founding member
Formed to fight against rising racial violence against Black People
Oranized mass demonstration, wrote news stories, lobbied Congress for passing of anti-lynching bill, won landmark Supreme Court case against mob violence
most notably fought for education civil rights

Question 25

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Answer 25

1955-56
Began with Rosa Parks (Dec 1, 1955)
40000 Black Bus riders (majority of bus riders in general) boycotted Montgomery buses
Supreme Cour ruled Montgomery bus segregation unconstitutional ending boycott

Question 26

student sit-ins

Answer 26

1960-61
4 black college students asked to be served at “whites only” lunch counter, Woolworth’s department store Greensboro, North Carolina, February 1, 1960
Over 70000 participants, black and white

Question 27

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Answer 27

Aug 28th 1963
over 200000 demonstrators and several civil rights organization
MLK delivers “I Have a Dream” speech

Question 28

Selma-to-Montgomery Marches

Answer 28

part of greater civil rights movement in deep south
Alabama activist groups organize 54 mile march to capital (Montgomery)
March 7th - first attempt violently stopped by Alabama law enforcement at Edmund Pettus Bridge (tear gas, club beatings)
March 9 - MLK leads march. Stopped at Bridge by troopers and police. Stop for praying and return to Selma
March 21-25 - march is completed
leads to signing of Voting RIghts Act of 1965 (Aug 6) by Pres Lyndon Johnson

Question 29

Little Rock Nine

Answer 29

9 students recruited by NAACP to integrate into Little Rock Central Highschool, Little Rock, Arkansas (1957)
Integration met with violence
Pres Eisenhower sends 101st Airborne Division paratroops to enforce

Question 30

Voting Rights Act 1965

Answer 30

barred literacy and other tests as a condition for voting, set criminal penalties for interference with efforts to vote, provided for the replacement of local registrars with federally appointed ones in counties designated by the attorney general as significantly resistant to registering eligible Black people to vote

Question 31

nineteenth ammendment

Answer 31

guaranteed the right to vote to women
ratified 1920

Question 32

Civil Liberties Act of 1988

Answer 32

historic piece of legislation in which the federal government formally acknowledged the forced removal and internment of Japanese people as an injustice that had been motivated largely by racial prejudice

Question 33

Obergefell v Hodges

Answer 33

court decision that guaranteed the right to marry to same-sex couples

Question 34

affirmative action

Answer 34

government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of those groups with access to educational and employment opportunities

Question 35

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Answer 35

government program intended to allow undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as minors to legally remain in the country to study or work

Question 36

Ammendments 24, 26

Answer 36

24 - the right to vote cannot be denied based on a failure to pay a tax
26 - 21 to 18 voting age

Question 37

civil rights act 1957

Answer 37

originated as proposal of civil rights legislation by Pres Eisenhower
empowered federal prosecutors to obtain injuctions against voting interferance
established federal Civil Rights Comission with authority to investigate discriminatory conditions
weakned by congress (lack of democrat support)

Question 38

civil rights act 1960

Answer 38

aimed at strengthening act of ‘57
limited in scope and effect because of failure to enforce law

Question 39

civil rights act of 1875

Answer 39

proposed by Sen Charles Sumner
predecessor to CR act of ‘64
did not consider businesses or social life as public accomadations
struck down by supreme court in 1883

Question 40

conpromise of 1877

Answer 40

informal agreement between southern Democracts and allies of Republican Rutherford Hayes to settle dispute of 1876 pres election and end of reconstruction
required hayes to withdraw troops from south

Question 41

Redlining

Answer 41

a discriminatory practice involving the denial of services, mortgages, insurance loans, and other financial services, to residents in certain areas based on race or ethnicity