chap 5 and 14 Flashcards
Informative speaking
addressing others to increase their knowledge, understanding, or skills
defining
providing the meaning of a word or concept.
etymology
a term’s origin or history.
synonyms
words that have the same meaning
antonyms
words that have the opposite meaning.
Describing
using words to depict or portray a person, a place, an object, or an experience
Representation
describing something in terms of its physical or psychological attributes
Narration
means describing a series of events in sequence.
Explaining
revealing why something occurred or how something works.
objective
based on facts rather than opinions.
subjective
that is, biased toward a specific conclusion.
Demonstrating
showing how to do something by doing it as you explain it.
Information hunger
is the desire to learn.
Types of examples: Specific illustrations
- Hypothetical examples: It could happen
- Real examples: It did happen
- Brief examples: Short and to the point
- Extended examples: Telling a story
Using examples effectively: Choose carefully
- Use relevant examples: Stay on point
- Choose vivid examples: Create images
- Use representative examples: Reflect what is accurate
- Stack examples: When one is not enough
Measures of central tendency: Determining what is typical
- Mean: Your average statistic
- Median: An in-the-center statistic
- Mode: Most frequent statistic
How to use statistics: Beyond numbing numbers
- Use accurate statistics accurately: No distorting
- Make statistics concrete: Meaningful numbers
- Make statistical comparisons: Gaining perspective
- Stack statistics: Creating impact
- Use credible sources: Build believability
Types of testimony: Relying on others
- Testimony of experts: Relying on those in the know
- Eyewitness testimony: You had to be there
- Testimony of non-experts: Ordinary folks adding color to events
How to use testimony
- Quote or paraphrase accurately: Consider context
- Use qualified sources: Credibility matters
General considerations across types
- Choose interesting supporting materials: Counteracting boredom
- Cite sources completely: No vague references
- Abbreviate source citations: Brief reference reminders
- Combine examples, stats, and quotes: The power of three
