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Chap 5 > Chap 5 > Flashcards

Chap 5 Flashcards

1
Q

NIOSH

A

National institute of occupational safety and health

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2
Q

What is the traditional mission of the fire service

A

Fighting fires in structures, vehicles, vessels, aircraft, , grassland/forests

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3
Q

Combustion

A

A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame

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4
Q

Fire

A

A rapid oxidation process, which is a chemical reaction in varying intensities

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5
Q

Heat

A

A form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and caliber of initiating and supporting chemical changes

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6
Q

Temperature

A

Measure of a materials ability to transfer heat energy to other objects

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7
Q

Fuel

A

A material that will maintain combustion under specified environmental conditions

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8
Q

Oxidizer

A

Any material that readily yields o2!or other oxidizing gas, or readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion of combustible materials

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9
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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10
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to perform work

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11
Q

Oxidation

A

Chemical process that occurs when a substance combines with an ozidizer

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12
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work once released

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13
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy possessed by a body bc of its motion

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14
Q

Firefighters should have a scientific understanding of

A

Combustion, fire, heat, and temp

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15
Q

All fires involve a chemical reaction between

A

fuel and oxidizer

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16
Q

What is physical science

A

The study of matter and energy, includes chemistry and physics

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17
Q

A chem reaction occurs when a substance:

A

Changes from one type of matter into another

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18
Q

Types of energy

A

Chemical,thermal,mechanical, electrical, light, nuclear, and sound

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19
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Chem reaction that releases thermal energy or heat

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20
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Absorbs thermal energy or heat

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21
Q

Pyrolysis

A

Chem decomposition of a solid material by heating, precedes combustion

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22
Q

Vaporization

A

Physical process that changes a liquid to a gas

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23
Q

Ignition

A

Process of initiating self sustained combustion (NFPA 921)

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24
Q

Piloted ignition

A

Movement when a mix of fuel and o2 encounters an external heat source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion process

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25
Q

Auto ignition

A

Initiating of combustion by heat but without a spark or flame (NFPA 921)

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26
Q

True or False

Combustion can occur with out fire?

A

True

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27
Q

Auro ignition temp

A

Lowest temp that a combustible material ignites in air w/o a spark or flame
(NFPA 921)

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28
Q

Fire triangle

A

Products necessary for combustion

Heat, o2,fuel

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29
Q

Fire tetrahedron

A

Elements/conditions necessary to have a fire.

Fuel, heat, O2 and self sustaining chem chain reaction

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30
Q

Passive agent

A

Materials that absorb heat but do not participate actively in the combustion process

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31
Q

What’s the most common passive agent

A

Drywall, gypsum board

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32
Q

Outside of structures what commonly acts as a passive agent

A

Vegetation

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33
Q

What are examples of non flaming combustion

A

Burning charcoal, smoldering wood or fabric

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34
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Colorless, odorless gas
Headache, dizziness, weakness,confusion, nausea, unconsciousness, death

0.2 ppm can result in unconsciousness in 30 min

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35
Q

Formaldehyde

A

Colorless gas with a pungent irritating odor that is highly irritating to the nose.

50-100 ppm can cause severe irritation to the respiratory track and serious injury.

Can cause injury to skin

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36
Q

Hydrogen cyanide

A

Colorless, toxic, and flammable liquid below 79 F produced by combustion of nitrogen-bearing substances.

Chem asphyxiant that acts to prevent body from using o2

Commonly encountered in smoke

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37
Q

Nitrogen dioxide

A

Reddish-brown or yellowish-brown liquid, which is highly toxic and corrosive

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38
Q

Particulates

A

Small particles that can be inhaled and deposited in the mouth, trachea,or the lungs

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39
Q

Sulfur dioxide

A

Colorless gas with a choking or suffocating odor.

Toxic and corrosive, can irritate eyes and mucous membranes

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40
Q

What causes most fire deaths?

A

Toxic smoke

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41
Q

What is smoke

A

An aerosol comprised of gases, vapor, and solid particulates

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42
Q

Smoke is the product of

A

Incomplete combustion

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43
Q

True or false

Carbon monoxide is the frequently identified as the cause of death of civilian and firefighter fatalities at a fire.

A

True

44
Q

Where is hydrogen cyanide commonly used

A

Furniture and bedding

45
Q

True or false

Carbon dioxide is the product of complete combustion

A

True

46
Q

What is the most common source of heat incombustion reactions

A

Chemical energy

47
Q

Resistance heating

A

When electric current flows through a conductor, heat is produced

48
Q

Overcurrent or overload

A

When the current flowing through a conductor exceeds its design limits

49
Q

Arcing

A

An arc is a high temp luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium

50
Q

Sparking

A

When an electric arc occurs , luminous particles can be formed and spatter away from the point of arcing

51
Q

Heat flux

A

Measure of the rate of heat transfer to a surface

52
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat through or between solids that are in direct contact

53
Q

Convection

A

Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid

54
Q

Radiation

A

Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic energy

55
Q

What are the 3 ways heat is transferred from one body to another

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

56
Q

Conduction occurs between

A

Solids

57
Q

What 3 factors does heat transfer due to conduction depend on

A

Area being heated

Temp difference between the heat source and the the material being heated

Thermal conductivity of the heated material

58
Q

Buoyant

A

The tendency or capacity to remain afloat in a liquid or rise in air or gas

59
Q

As temp of heat source increases, radiant energy increases by a factor of the:

A

4th power

60
Q

What is power

A

The rate at which energy is being transferred over time

61
Q

Watt

A

One joule/sec

62
Q

Upper layer

A

Buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment

63
Q

Reducing agent

A

The fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion

64
Q

Heat of combustion

A

Total amount of thermal energy that could be generated by the combustion reaction if a fuel were completely burned

65
Q

Heat release rate (HRR)

A

Total amount of heat released per unit time.

KW and MW of output

66
Q

Vapor density

A

Weight of a givien volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at same temp an pressure

67
Q

Spec gravity

A

Mass of a substance compared to mass of an equal volume of water at a given temp

68
Q

Vapor pressure

A

Measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate

69
Q

Flash point

A

Minimum temp at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the liquids surface

70
Q

Fire point

A

Temp at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support combustion once fuel is ignited

71
Q

Solubility

A

Degree to which a solid, liquid or gas dissolves in a solvent

72
Q

Miscible

A

Materials that are capable of being mixed in all proportions

73
Q

Hydrocarbon fuel

A

Petroleum based organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon

74
Q

Polar solvents

A

Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water

75
Q

Heated gases ________ and become less dense; when ________ They contract and become more dense

A

Expand, cooled

76
Q

In order to burn liquids must be

A

Vaporized

77
Q

True or false

Liquids that are less dense than water or more difficult to extinguish using water as the sole extinguishing agent

A

True

78
Q

Pyrolysis of wood begins at temperatures below

A

400 degrees F

79
Q

Pyrolysis occurs faster or slower in plastics Than in wood

A

Faster

80
Q

Gasoline

A 
Water soluble:no
Specific gravity: 0.72
Flashpoint: (-45°F)-43°C
Auto ignition:(853°F) 456°C
Flammable range:1.4%- 7.4%
81
Q

Diesel

A 
Water soluble: no
Specific gravity: >1.00
Flashpoint: (125°F) 52°C
Auto ignition: (410°F) 210°C
Flammable range: 1.3%-6%
82
Q

Ethanol

A 
Water soluble: yes
Specific gravity: 0.78
Flashpoint (55°F) 13°C
Auto ignition (689°F) 363°C
Flammable range: 3.3% -19%
83
Q

Methanol

A 
Water soluble: yes
Specific gravity: 0.79
Flashpoint: (52°F) 11°C
Auto ignition: (864°F) 464°C
Flammable range 6%- 35.5%
84
Q

Oxidizers are not combustible but they will

A

Support or enhance combustion

85
Q

Upper flammable limit (UFL)

A

Upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite

86
Q

Free radicals

A

Molecular fragments that are highly reactive

87
Q

Chemical flame inhibition

A

Extinguishment of a fire by interruption of the chemical chain reaction

88
Q

Factors that affect Fire development

A 
Fuel type
Availability and location of additional fuels
Compartment volume and ceiling height
Ventilation
Therm properties of the compartment
Ambient conditions
Fuel load
89
Q

In a compartment Fire what is one of the most fundamental class a fuel characteristics influencing Fire development

A

Surface to mass ratio

90
Q

What are factors that influence the ability and location of additional fuels in building configuration

A 
Number of stories above or below ground
Compartmentation
Floor plan
Openings between floors
Continuous voids or concealed spaces
Barriers to fire spread
91
Q

What are three ways ventilation occurs in a building

A

Constructed opening such as windows doors and passive ventilation devices

Leakage through cracks and other gaps in construction

Heating ventilating and air-conditioning systems

92
Q

What two forms due room or compartment fires take

A

Fire controlled and ventilation controlled

93
Q

Fuel controlled

A

A fire with adequate oxygen in which the heat release rate and growth rate are determined by characteristics of the fuel (NFPA 921)

94
Q

Ventilation controlled

A

A fire with limited ventilation in which the heat release rate or growth is limited by the amount of oxygen available to the Fire (NFPA 921)

95
Q

What are thermal properties of a compartment

A

Insulation
Heat reflectivity
Retention

96
Q

Plume

A

Column of hot gases flames and smoke rising above the fire

97
Q

Ceiling jet

A

A relatively thin layer of flowing hot gases that develops under horizontal surface as a result of Plume impingement and flowing gas being forced to move horizontally

98
Q

Flash over

A

Rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage

99
Q

During the flash over the volume of fire can increase from approximately ________of the rooms upper volume to filling the entire room and potentially extending out of any openings in the room

A

1/4-1/2

100
Q

What are the four common elements of flashover

A

Transition in fire development
Rapidity
Compartment
Ignition of all exposed surfaces

101
Q

What temperature does flashover typically occur at

A

1100°F

102
Q

Flashover indicators

A 
Building indicators
Smoke indicators
Airflow indicators
Heat indicators
Flame indicators
103
Q

What does smoke look like for flashover conditions

A

Rapidly increasing volume, turbulence, darkening color, density, lowering of the hot gas level

104
Q

Smoke indicators for Backdraft

A

Dense smoke, light colored or black becoming dense gray yellow, neutral plain rising and lowering similar to a pulsing or breathing movement

105
Q

Backdraft can vary considerably depending on what factors

A 
Volume of smoke
Degree of confinement
Pressure
Speed with which fuel and air are mixed
Location where ignition occurs

Chap 5 (1 decks)

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